Using Punnett Squares
Transcription & Translation
Reading Pedigrees
General Vocabulary
100
How would you write the genotype of a heterozygous individual (use "A" and "a" as the different alleles)?
Aa
100
What is the Central Dogma of Biology?
DNA -> RNA -> Proteins (-> phenotype)
100
What are pedigrees used for?
To record or trace a genetic trait through a genetic line or family
100
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
200
How would you write the genotype of a male that carries an X-chromosome-linked trait?
XaY
200
What does transcription do?
Builds an RNA molecule based on a DNA sequence (a gene)
200
What are the symbols for Female, Nonbinary, and Male?
Circle, Diamond, and Square
200
What are the possible nitrogen bases in DNA? In RNA?
ATCG, AUCG
300
What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring in this Punnett square:
1 Gg:1 gg
300
What does translation do?
Builds a protein based on an RNA sequence
300
What are the symbols for Affected, Unaffected, and Carrier?
Fully filled in, empty, and half filled in
300
What is a gene?
A piece of DNA that determines a trait
400
What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring in this Punnett square?
3 dominant: 1 recessive
400
What is a codon?
A sequence of 3 nitrogenous bases in an RNA molecule that code for a specific amino acid during translation
400
Draw a two-generation pedigree where the first generation is an unaffected male and an unaffected female, and they have three children: an affected female, an unaffected female, and an unaffected male.
400
What is an allele?
A version of a gene with a different DNA sequence than other alleles
500
Sickle cell anemia (where your blood cells are malformed and less effective) is a recessive trait represented by "a". If a person with sickle cell anemia has a child with a person who does not have the disease but carries a copy of the recessive allele, what is the probability that the child will have sickle cell anemia? Draw a Punnett square to show how you got your answer.
Aa x aa
50% probability that the child has sickle cell anemia
500
If we have a sequence of 3 bases in a gene in a DNA molecule TAC, and that gene is transcribed and then translated, what amino acid will result from that set of bases?
Methionine (Met or M)
500
Is the trait depicted in this pedigree chart dominant, recessive, or is it impossible to tell?
Impossible to tell (if dominant, the first generation would be Aa male x aa female; if recessive, the first generation would be aa male x Aa female)
500
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype describes the combination of alleles an individual has, but phenotype is an observable trait, not a DNA sequence.