Transcription
Non-Overlapping
Degenerate
Universal
What is the function of tRNA in translation?
What is the function of DNA polymerase alpha, epsilon, and delta?
Alpha- responsible for initiating replication and fills the gaps left by the primer.
Epsilon- responsible for replicating the leading strand.
Delta- responsible for replicating the lagging strand.
What is a frameshift mutation?
The addition or deletion of 1-2 bases.
Which phase of mitosis has the copied chromosomes align in the middle of the spindle?
Metaphase
What is the large complex that performs pre-mRNA splicing?
Spliceosome
True or False: Translation is the worst place to control gene expression.
False- it is the best place.
What enzyme works in conjunction with DNA helicase to unzip the double stranded DNA so that replication can occur?
DNA Topoisomerase- it assists in DNA separation and prevents supercoiling in the upstream DNA.
What is a missense mutation?
A mutation where a change in a DNA codon results in a change in a single amino acid.
What are aster microtubules?
A form of mitotic spindle microtubule that projects outward from the centrosome towards the plasma membrane. Important for the positioning of the spindle apparatus within the cell.
What are the advantages of alternative splicing?
Increases proteome complexity
Allows productions of different protein isoforms in different cell types or at various developmental stages
What enzyme attaches an amino acid to the tRNA for translation?
Amino-acyl tRNA Synthetase
What enzyme works in conjunction with DNA polymerase delta to remove RNA primers during DNA replication?
Flap endonuclease
What is a silent mutation?
A mutation where a change in a DNA codon does not result in a change in amino acid.
What are the three major checkpoints of the cell cycle?
G1
G2
Metaphase
What are the functions of enhancers and repressors in transcription?
Enhancers- speed it up. Bind to activator.
Repressors- slow it down. Bind to inhibitor.
What are the advantages of the 5' cap added on the end?
•Help cells to distinguish mRNA from other type of RNAs
•Needed for efficient translation
•Increases stability of mRNA
What is the function of DNA ligase?
It joins the DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond after replication.
What is the wobble hypothesis?
that normal base pairing can occur between nitrogen bases in positions 1 and 2 of the codon and the corresponding bases (3 and 2) in the anticodon
What type of cells does meiosis occur in?
Germ-line or gamete cells
What two transcription factors are used in transcription?
Basal Transcription factors
Special Transcription factors
What are the three components required for translation?
Ribosome
Mature mRNA
tRNA's charged with amino acid
From which direction is DNA synthesized during replication?
5' to 3'
Are we going to kill this exam?
Yes.
In females, meiosis one happens at what point in the life cycle and continues to meiosis two at what point in the life cycle?
Meiosis one occurs while in the womb.
Meiosis two occurs once the female reaches puberty.