Industrial Revolution
Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism is a believe of, "the Survival of the fittest". It was said that rich people succeeded because they were superior; poor people failed because of weakness. it opposed government aid and regulation, and justified inequality, laissez-faire capitalism, and sometimes racism and imperialism.
Progressive Movement
A reform movement trying to fix problems caused by industrialization, corruption and inequality. it wanted regulation of big business, safer food, labor reform, direct democracy, and social welfare. It expanded governments role in solving problems, and Muckrakers helped by exposing abuses and public support for reform
Vertical Integration
A method in the industrial Rev, in which you own all stages of production. Carnegie for example controlled raw materials, steel mills, and transport. it cut costs and dependence on other companies. The company controls the whole process
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
supreme court ruled segregation was legal under "separate but equal", upholding Louisiana railroad segregation law, and made Jim crow segregation constitutional. stayed a law until Brown V. Board overturned in 1954.
Frederick Jackson Turner, what did he argue?
Turner argued the frontier shaped american democracy independence, an d individualism. in 1890, census said the frontier was, "closed". Turner feared american would change without free western land, being mportant b ecause it helped justify overseas expansion later.
Liberty Of Contract
An Idea that workers and employers should make contracts without government interferance, with courts using the 17th amendment to protect this idea. It was also used to strike down labor laws like hour limits ad wage protections. This favored business over workers
Muckrackers
Investigate Journalism exposing corruption, poverty and Corporate Abuse. KEY EXAMPLE: Upton Sinclair's, "The Jungle" exposed meat packing industry, which led to federal food safety laws. other muckrakers: Ida Tarbell (Standard Oil) and Lincoln Steffens (City Corruption). Muckrakers created public pressure for progressive legislation.
Horizontal Integration
a method in the Industrial Rev, in a robber barons buy out competitors in the same industry. Rockefeller for example absorbed rival oil companies in to Standard Oil. it Reduced competition and created monopoly power. Horizontal controls across 1 level of industry
Atlanta Compromise
Booker T Washingtons 1895 speech urging Black Americans to focus on economic progress, not immediate equality. He was saying accept segregation "For now", and emphasized vocational education and self-help. he won white support but critics said he gave up civil rights too easily.
Railroads
Railroads created a national market and connected the country economically. it helped settle the west and more goods quickly, standardizing time zones, and encouraged big business, corruption and labor conflict. it was essential to both industrialization and western expansion
Lochner v. New york (1905)
Lochner v. New York was a supreme court ruling which struck down a New York law limiting bakers work hours, saying it violated liberty of contract under the 14th amendment. it showed courts often sided with business over workers. A famous example of Anti-Labor, pro-business supreme court rulings
17th Amendment
The 17th amendment was a amendment that gave direct election of U.S senators, with the voters of each state picking the senators directly. It was previously chosen by state legislators only, and the amendment is considered a progressive tool to give citizens more direct control over government.
Robber Barons
Robber Barons are rich industrialists who crushed competition and exploited labor
Grandfather Clause/Disenfranchisement
Southern methods used to take away black voting rights after reconstruction, including poll taxes, literacy tests and grandfather clauses. The Grandfather clause let poor whites vote while excluding most black voter. it helped destroy black political power in the south.
Roosevelt vs. Taft Foreign Policy
Roosevelt used strong military pressure, Big Stick Diplomacy, Panama Canal, and the Roosevelt Corollary. Taft's foreign policy used the Dollar Diplomacy, loans and investment instead of direct force when possible. Both expanded US influence abroad, but approached it in different ways, Roosevelt favored force and Taft favored economic power.
Scientific Management
Fredrick Taylors system of controllig every step of work to maximize effenciency. It Timed workers, removed their decision making, and sped up production. The workers themselves felt like they lost control over their own labor. progressivists' saw it as a reason workers needed strong unions.
INITIATIVE, REFERENDUM, RECALL
progressive tools to give citizens more direct control over government, INITIATIVE ALLOWED CITIZENS to propose laws directly. REFERENDU< allowed citizens to vote on laws passed by legislative. RECALL allowed citizens to remove elected officials.
Wagner Act
Most Important New Deal labor law which Guaranteed workers the right to organize and bargain collectively. it created the Nation Labor Relations Board (CNL RB) and made it illegal to fire union organizers. It put the federal government clearly on the labors side.
Booker T Washington Vs WEB Du Bois
Washington accepted segregation for now, focused on economic self-help and vocational education, accommodation. Du bois however demanded political rights NOW, higher education, "Talented Tenth" leadership, confrontation. Washington = accommodation, Du Bois = resistance. Both wanted black advancement disagreed completely on strategy.
Dollar Diplomacy vs Moral Diplomacy
Dollar Diplomacy (TAFT) used loans, banks and investment to expand US influence abroad. Moral Diplomacy (WILSON) claimed US should support democratic and moral governments. Wilson still used military force in Mexico, Haiti and Dominican republic. Main difference is Dollar was money, moral was democracy, but both were forms of US imperialism
2nd Industrial Revolution
the 2nd industrial revolution was the late 1800s industrial boom, driven by steel, oil, railroads, electricity, and mass production. it changes US from rural/farm economy into an urban/industrial wage economy. It also led to huge corporations and extreme inequality, producing robber barons like Carnegie and Rockefeller who built industry but also crushed competition and exploited labor
How Women changed early 1900s
More women entered public life, reform work and wage labor; growth of settlement houses, suffrage movement, and birth-control movement. They also (in a way) made the 19th amendment (1920) gave women the right to vote. They also made New Ideas of freedom, including work, education and more personal independence. However, they still faced discrimination and unequal expectations.
AFL (AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR) VS IWW (INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD) VS CIO (CONGRESS OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATIONS)
AFL was a union with skilled workers only, practical goals and excluded women/minorities, survived and grew. IWW was one big union including all workers including unskilled, minorities, being revolutionary. it was later crushed by government during WW1. CIO organized mass production industries which broke away from AFL, being more inclusive, but later merged back with AFL in 1955.
AFL= exclusive/practical, IWW=radical/ inclusive/crushed, CIO = industrial/inclusive
Great Migration
Mass movement of Black Americans from the south to the Northern cities, primarily in 1910-30 and 1940-70. It was driven by racial violence , Jim crow laws, low wages, and war time industrial jobs in the north.. Migrants however faced discrimination and segregation in the north too. Transferred Northern cities and laid ground work for civil movement.
Panama Canal Zone/ Roosevelt Corollary
US built and controlled the Panama canal, connecting Atlantic with pacific. The Roosevelt Corollary was US claiming right to interfere military anytime in Latin American to maintain order, extending the Monroe doctrine, marking US as the police of western Hemisphere. It justified repeated US military intentions in LATIN AMERICAN countries