Heat & Elevated CO2
Name the four morphological adaptations that plants use to adjust to water limitation
Alter leaf shape/size
Alter leaf location/density
Shift leaf orientation
Increase root:shoot ratio
Name the order in which physiological components are broken down to recover nutrients during senescence
1.) Chlorophyll
2.) Rubisco
3.) DNA/RNA
4.) Lipid membranes
5.) secondary pigments
what is the role of calcium in herbivory signaling
Ca2+ influx occurs after damage/herbivory & sends signals to the plant to increase defenses
What are three control methods used for handling invasive species
1.) Biological control (cost-effective, but risky)
2.) Mechanical control (targeted or large-scale removal)
3.) Chemical control (effective, but rate is important)
define resilience & common issues with applying it to a system
1. capacity of ecosystems to absorb disturbances while retaining structures, processes, and interactions
2. hard to define the state of a system, what constitutes a disturbance?
What are the 5 models used for modeling climate change impacts on plants?
Space for Time
Time
Evolution
Dispersal
Potential for Transient Dynamics
What are the general impacts of heat on systems near urban areas
1.) Earlier springs
2.) hotter heat waves
3.) hotter nighttime temperatures
What are the 3 ways that plants can respond to herbivory
Defense, escape or accept
What are three theories that make a system prone to invasion and why
2.) Resource availability = fluctuations in resources open opportunities for invasion due to fluctuating competition
3.) Neutral Theory = pockets of opportunities exist but its by random chance that it would be invasible
What are common disturbance characteristics when categorizing its impact
Patchiness: patterns in a landscape
Intensity: how impactful was the disturbance
Size: how widespread is the disturbance
Type: biotic or abiotic
Name the three functional mechanisms that heat shock proteins have in response to heat stress
Shield dangerous regions
Use ATP cycles to repeatedly release & refold proteins
Prevent irreversible damage by fixing misshapen proteins
The order of senescence includes what 3 phases
1.) Abscission zone formation: high auxin masks sensitivity of ethylene to the abscission zone
2.) Abscission induction phase: low auxin increases sensitivity of ethylene to abscission zone
3.) Abscission/post-abscission: enzymes trigger cell separation at the abscission site & a new, protective cuticle layer is formed at the site
what is the physiological work flow from wounding happening to defense genes activating
wounding -> linolenic acid -> jasmonic acid synthesis -> transcription factors -> defense genes
What are the 3 hypotheses that are thought to enable successful invasion and what do they entail
1.) Novel Weapon Hypothesis- new, unfamiliar strategies make them successful (allelopathy)
2.) Competitive Release- new environments lack natural predators
3.) Propagule Pressure- overwhelm new areas by sheer numbers
states that biodiversity of competing species is, or should be expected to be, maximized at intermediate frequencies and/or intensities of disturbance or environmental change.
Name the positive & negative effects of CO2 enrichment on plants
Pros: increased photosynthesis & improved WUE
Cons: nutrient constraints, heat stress, drought, altered rainfall, increased variability in precipitation extremes
How does warming impact dry systems in wet years versus dry years
warming may advance phenology when water is abundant or delay phenology in years of drought; dry systems mostly impacted by water-limitation than temperature
What are the 4 primary ways that plants can defend against herbivory
1.) Mechanical (thorns, spines, etc.)
2.) Secondary metabolites (tannins, alkaloids, etc.)
3.) Circadian Rhythms (increase daytime defenses)
4.) Volatile Organic Compounds (warning signals)
What are the 4 methods of allelopathy
1.) Passive diffusion (most common, root exudates)
2.) Decomposition of litter
3.) Glandular trichomes
4.) Volatilization
what is the differences between alpha diversity, beta diversity & gamma diversity
Alpha: patches and their diversity differ after disturbance depending on surroundings
Beta: looks at dissimilarity between 2 areas of diversity
Gamma: looks at diversity across everything
The 3 three negative impacts in order of sensitivity to heat stress
Decreased photosynthesis
Higher Respiration
Membrane permeability/fluidity
Which of these systems is most impacted by warming temperatures & why?
Temperate forests - Alpine systems- Grasslands - Tropical Forests
Alpine systems: main constraints are snow & photoperiod which dictate growing season so warming would lengthen the growing season and show strong shifts despite persistent photoperiod limitations
What is compensatory growth and what category of plant response does it fall under
compensatory growth is when meristems are broken off and there is an activation of dormant meristems. This is an example of tolerance to herbivory
What physiological impacts do allelopathic compounds have on plants
1. disruption of cell division
2. interference with mitochondria respiration
3. inhibition of photosynthesis
How does community assembly shape the species pool in a system
Enacts different filters that determine species composition (i.e. an island that experiences high winds & flooding)