Core Concepts & Thematic Units
Where does the modern idea of sovereignty come from?
Westphalia (Peace of Westphalia)
What is the name of the model that places the ideal level of development inside the ecological ceiling and above a social well-being foundation baseline?
Doughnut Economics/Doughnut Theory/Doughnut Model/ "The Doughnut"
This municipality of Costa Rica struggles with sovereignty challenges due to the illegal colligalleros in Crucitas and the poisoning of the water supply in the area.
Municipalidad de San Carlos
A person who uses technology and the internet to work remotely, often in other countries; sometimes does so with some visa or legal requirement and other times no
digital nomad
The international treaty that focuses on women's rights, progress, and well-being.
CEDAW (Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women)
supranationalism
Explain Michael Foucault's Panopticon and what it represents.
Panopticon= circular prison design where inmates might always be watched; a metaphor to show how modern society trains people to constantly monitor and control their own behavior out of fear that they are always being observed (biosurveillance)
Which MNC (TNC) has challenged Costa Rican sovereignty by dragging out legal processes and now looking to appeal a judgement to restore mangroves and undo environmental damage?
RIU hotel chain
The difference is that femicide is the killing of a women due to her gender while feminicide is that there are femicides PLUS the state is also responsible for the killings and VAW due to not fulfilling its responsibility to protect them (ie. not investigating properly; mishandling cases; active corruption and involvement in VAW)
This person is considered the "father" of the idea of soft power, the idea that power can come from persuasion and attraction, not coercion or force.
Joseph Nye (Nye)
Name 2 of the four main sources of state legitimacy.
1) Legal-Rational
2) Traditional
3) Charismatic
4) Results/Performance
This major political thinker of the 20th century argued that totalitarianism is actually a failure of power; real power comes from plurality and collective action.
What are the three pillars of sustainability according to the Triple Bottom Line framework?
Environmental (Planet), Social (People), Economic (Profit)
What is the "Hugs not Bullets" policy (with some detail) and who implemented it?
AMLO (previous president of Mexico, Andrés Manuel López Obrador); Hugs Not Bullets is a state-response to narcotrafficking based on social prevention (like targeting structural poverty, social inequality, and youth unemployment) by like social welfare programs, job training, and educational support
What are the 3 sides of Galtung's Triangle of Violence?
direct, structural, and cultural
What are the 3 types of parallel states?
Dissident polis, rebel state, and criminal governance
A theoretical perspective; this political theory that argues that our social context or reality influences what we do and that we need to consider whether those ideas should be accepted or not
social constructivism
What led to the passing of the "Ley de Allison" (Law 9974) and what does that law state?
Allison Bonilla was killed by a man who had not been an intimate partner, but a relative stranger to her (a neighbor), so it didn't count as femicide which led to protests for a new law; this new law states that any killing of a woman due to her gender is officially a femicide in Costa Rica
Name/describe 2 hybrid warfare tactics Mexican cartels have adopted to protect their criminal activities.
1) use of heavy ordnance (bombs etc)
2) use of drone warfare/drone assassinations
3) territorial defense tactics adopted from terrorism (IEDs, landmines)
4) terrorism to inflict psychological damage (displaying bodies, decapitated heads etc to send a message)
5) digital surveillance/cyber warfare (hacking into CCTV or government systems; monitoring social media; building private cellular networks)
Who are the P5, the permanent 5 members on the UN Security Council?
France, US, UK, China, and Russia
What is the dictator's trap?
A government keeps using violence against its people, leading to a cycle where there is more resistance to the government, the govt. loses legitimacy, and the govt. may also lose touch w/accurate info (if people are afraid to tell the leader bad news); this may lead to the government's collapse.
What are the 3 factors that the Human Development Index (HDI) considers?
Life expectancy (health), education (years of schooling), and standard of living (GNI per capita adjusted for PPP - purchasing power parity)
What is narcomenudeo, what led to its development in Costa Rica and what greater significance does it have for the current situation in CR?
narcomenudeo = the domestic drug market (street-level drug trafficking); increased a lot when cartels began paying people for drugsmuggling with drugs ("paying in kind") and has led to CR being not only a key transit route but an active drug market itself (which has led to more violence)
What is ILO Convention No. 169 and what important idea comes from it?
international treaty about indigenous peoples and their rights; creates the FPIC legal framework (Free, Prior, Informed, Consent)
At this conference, 20 American states took the abstract idea of what is a state and created a formal, legal checklist of what is a state (sometimes called the Declaratory Theory) with 4 requirements.
Montevideo