Cranium 1
What is a cerebral contusion and what is the cause of this injury?
Small hemorrhages or bleeding within the brain
Impact injury when the head strikes an immovable object.
Tell me 3 things about migraines.
Severe headache, sudden onset
may have visual or gastrointestinal problems (nausea/vomiting)
vasoconstriction of intercerebral vessels: flashes of light, visual disturbance, paresthesia
Prevention is key
May take prophylactic meds to prevent recurrence
Prescription medication may help severe attacks (Triptan)
How and where (area of mandible) do most mandible fractures occur?
Collision sports
Frontal angle
How should you treat an athlete with a black eye (Orbital hematoma)
cold application for at least 1/2 hour
24 hour rest period if visual involvement
Athlete should not blow their nose after an acute injury
How would you treat permanent deformity of the ear caused by auricular hematoma(s)?
surgical repair
When should an athlete return to play after a concussion if they experienced loss of consciousness?
When cleared by a physician.
What is a test that assesses coordination?
finger to nose, heel to toe walking, heel to knee test
Name 3 steps to treating a nose bleed (epistaxis)
have the athlete sit upright with cold compress on nose
Pressure applied to affected nostril for 5-15 minutes
may pack affected side
should not blow nose for 2 hours
How are most orbital fractures treated and who treats them?
surgery by a physician
Name one way to prevent auricular hematomas.
application of friction reducing agents
proper ear protection
What is a test that assesses balance?
Romberg
What are 3 signs of second impact syndrome?
Dilated pupils
loss of eye movement
loss of consciousness/coma
respiratory failure
What would be the immediate care of a mandible fracture?
Immobilization with an elastic bandage, referral to physician
Name 3 symptoms of an orbital fracture that an athlete might experience.
Diplopia
restricted eye movement
downward displacement of the eye
soft-tissue swelling
hemorrhage
What do you not want to see draining from the ear after a head injury and what might it indicate?
Clear, straw-colored fluid (CSF)
Might indicate a skull fracture
What are 3 signs of post-concussion syndrome?
Persistent headaches, impaired memory, lack of concentration, anxiety/irritability, fatigue, depression, visual disturbances
Name 3 signs of a skull fracture.
Point tenderness, skull indentation, racoon eyes, Battle's sign, cerebrospinal fluid in the ears or from the nose, severe headache and nausea
Name 2 signs of a Zygomatic (cheek) fracture.
Deformity noted during palpation
nosebleed
diplopia
numbness of cheek
swelling
How do you treat a retinal detachment?
Bedrest with patches over both eyes
Referral to an ophthalmologist
What causes an auricular hematoma?
Compression or shearing force to the ear resulting in hemorrhage within the cartilage/soft tissue
What do you have to be concerned about in an unconscious athlete who hit their head and who should move an unconscious athlete?
Cervical spine fracture
Emergency personal
What are the 4 parts of the brain you are required to know and what do they control?
Cerebral cortex (cerebrum): Coordinates voluntary muscle activity, interpret sensory information, control higher mental functions
Cerebellum: Coordinates movement of skeletal muscles (balance/coordination)
Pons: sleep, posture, swallowing, bladder
Medulla oblongata: heart rate, breathing (with the pons), blood pressure, coughing, sneezing, and vomiting
May reimplant the tooth
May rinse tooth but do not scrub or or scrape the tooth
May store in a "save the tooth" kit, milk, or saline
refer to dentist
This painless eye injury results in specks floating before the eye, flashes of light, blurred vision, and/or change in the field of vision
Retinal detachment
What is the main concern if there is a direct blow to the throat (clothesline)?
watch for breathing compromise, cyanosis, difficulty swallowing