misc.
what is the definition of illness
a deviation from a healthy state. a person who no longer perceives their state of health as normal
what are the crystalloid IVF
dextrose solutions, NS, balanced electrolyte solutions
exhaled air, perspiration, formed stool
-these can be a significant amount of fluid, but cannot be measured!
compensatory mechanisms of the lungs
alters rate/depth of breathing ! can respond to pH changes within minutes. short term management
normal range of calcium
8.6 - 10.2
What are the 5 stages of the Kubler-Ross model
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
medical management of hypovolemia
intake of oral fluids, isotonic IV fluids, monitor UO, VS, pulmonary status, and neurologic status
causes of respiratory acidosis
drug overdose, pulmonary edema, chest trauma, neuomuscular disease, COPD, airway obstruction, atelectasis
what is the role of calcium
transmitting nerve impulses, regulating muscle contraction and relaxation, cardiac conduction, blood coagulation, and essential chemical reactions throughout the body
5 predominant ways of coping with illness
trying to be optimistic about the outcome
using social support
using spiritual resources
trying to maintain control either over the situation or feelings
trying to accept the situation
what are the colloid IVF
albumin, lactated ringers
hypernatremia signs and symptoms
neurologic - restlessness, hallucinations, and seizures
thirst, dry swollen tongue, sticky mucus membranes, decrease urine output, mild fever
64 year old man wiht long history of COPD
pH 7.49
PaCO2 - 30
HCO3 - 23
respiratory alkalosis, no compensation
signs and symptms of hypocalcemia (CATS)
convulsions, arrythmias, tetany, spasms and stridor. chvostek sign,trousseau sign
what makes up an HCAP score
communication, responsiveness, pain management, discharge information, cleanliness, quietness, transition of care
when would you administer hypotonic solutions
if the pt has hypernatremia and hypertonic dehydration
displacement of potassium throughout the body!
98% intracellular - 2% ECF!!!
causes of metabolic acidosis
severe diarrhea, sepsis, shock, diabetic ketoacidosis, salicylate OD, renal failure
causes of hypercalcemia
90% of the time related to malignancy or parathyroidism
important info on MRI
examines soft tissue, can cause claustrophobia, IV contrast at times, no metal!!!!, must remain still, loud (pt may be given headphones and played their favorite music)
which type of IVF (which osmolality) is not often given and why
hypertonic! due to danger of circulatory overload - when given must be monitored closley
causes of hyperkalemia (MACHINE)
MACHINE - meds that increase K, acidosis, cell injuries, hypoaldosteronism, intake (high k diet with renal failure), nephrone - renal failure, excretion impaired
54 year old nursing faculty with antacid abuse.
ph 7.36
PaCO2 - 49
HCO3 -30
metabolic acidosis with complete respiratory compensation
treatment for hypomagnesemia
diet - green leafy veggies, whole grains peanut butter, nuts, legumes, mag orally,IV mag sulfate
seizure and fall precautions, BEWARE OF DIGOXIN