Health and Human Development

Health and Wellbeing

100

Name the 5 dimensions of health

Physical, Mental, Emotional, Social and Spiritual

200

Explain how HWB is dynamic

constantly changing, change can be sudden or gradual

300

Someone who is sick with a chronic illness may not be able to maintain a supportive network of friends shows which interrelationship?

Physical to social

400

Mental health and well-being relates to the ......and the ability to......

Mental HWB refers to the current state of well-being relating to the mind and brain and the ability to think and process information

500

Name three examples of Spiritual HWB 

Meaning and purpose, sense of belonging, values and beliefs and peace and harmony

Unit 3

100

Name a difference between the ATSI Guide to Healthy Eating and the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating.

the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Guide to Healthy Eating includes cultural food / kangaroo / damper, which the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating does not

the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Guide to Healthy Eating is in muted/earthy tones compared to the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating, which is blue and green.

200

How does the AGHE discourage alcohol?

It places alcohol outside the pie/plate under the 'Only sometimes and in small amounts'

300

Both models recommend water how do each of them do this?

AGTHE: Tap and glass in the top right corner 

HEP: A green tick next to a glass of water at the bottom of the pyramid, above the statement 'Choose water'.

400

Name two foods pictured in the middle layers of the Healthy Eating Pyramid that a vegan could consume.

Tofu, nuts and Soy milk

500

Name two of the Australian Dietary Guidelines in FULL.

Guideline 1
To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs.

• Children and adolescents should eat sufficient nutritious foods to grow and develop normally, be physically active every day, and have their growth checked regularly.
• Older people should eat nutritious foods and keep physically active to help maintain muscle strength and a healthy weight.

Guideline 2
Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the five food groups every day:

• Plenty of vegetables of different types and colours, and legumes/beans
• Fruit
• Grain (cereal) foods, mostly wholegrain and/or high cereal fibre varieties, such as breads, cereals, rice, pasta, noodles, polenta, couscous, oats, quinoa and barley
• Lean meats and poultry, fish, eggs, tofu, nuts and seeds, and legumes/beans
• Milk, yoghurt, cheese and/or their alternatives, mostly reduced fat (reduced fat milks are not suitable for children under 2)

And drink plenty of water.

Guideline 3
Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol.

• a. Limit foods high in saturated fat, such as biscuits, cakes, pastries, pies, processed meats, commercial burgers, pizza, fried foods, potato chips and crisps. Replace high fat foods containing mostly saturated fat (butter, cream, cooking margarine, coconut and palm oil) with foods containing mostly polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats (oils, spreads, nut butters/pastes and avocado). Low fat diets are not suitable for children under 2.
• b. Limit foods and drinks containing added salt. Read labels to choose lower sodium options, and don’t add salt when cooking or at the table.
• c. Limit foods and drinks containing added sugars, such as confectionery, sugar-sweetened soft drinks and cordials, fruit drinks, vitamin waters, energy and sports drinks.
• d. If you choose to drink alcohol, limit intake. For women who are pregnant, planning a pregnancy or breastfeeding, not drinking alcohol is the safest option.

Guideline 4
Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding.

Guideline 5
Care for your food; prepare and store it safely.

Australia's Health Care System

100

What is the name of Australia's Universal Health Insurance Scheme?

Medicare

200

Define the NDIS

The National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) is a government-funded scheme that provides individualised funding to eligible Australians with a permanent and significant disability, so they can access the reasonable and necessary supports and services they need to live an ordinary life, participate in the community and achieve their goals.

300

Explain how Medicare is funded.

General taxation, Medicare Levy, Medicare Levy Surcharge

400

Define Lifetime Health Cover Loading

Lifetime Health Cover loading is an extra amount added to the cost of private hospital insurance for people who don’t take out hospital cover before 1 July following their 31st birthday.

• The loading is 2% for every year a person is over 30 when they first take out hospital cover, up to a maximum of 70%.
• For example, someone who first takes out hospital cover at 40 pays 20% more than someone who took it out at 30.
• The loading is removed once a person has held hospital cover continuously for 10 years.
• It applies to hospital cover only, not extras cover.

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500

Explain how PBS is considered to be S.A.F.E using two of the SAFE elements

Sustainability

• Medicines are only listed after the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC) assesses them for clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness compared with existing treatments. This means public money goes to medicines that offer value, helping keep the scheme affordable long term.
• The government negotiates prices with drug companies, using its bulk buying power to keep costs down.
• Encouraging generic (non-brand) medicines lowers costs for both the government and consumers.
• Co-payments mean consumers contribute to the cost of their medicines, which reduces the financial burden on government and discourages unnecessary use.

Access

• All Australian residents with a Medicare card can access PBS medicines, as well as eligible overseas visitors from countries with a reciprocal health care agreement.
• PBS medicines are available through community pharmacies across Australia, including in rural and remote areas, as well as through some hospitals.
• Thousands of medicines are listed, covering a wide range of conditions, so people can access the treatment they need regardless of their condition.
• Lower co-payments make it more likely people will fill their prescriptions and take medicines as prescribed.

Funding

• The PBS is funded by the Australian Government through general taxation (and indirectly the Medicare levy), with consumers paying a co-payment for each prescription.
• The government pays the remaining cost of the medicine. For many expensive medicines, the consumer pays a small fraction of the true cost.
• Current co-payments: from 1 January 2026, general patients pay up to $25.00 and concessional patients pay $7.70 per script. fred

Equity

• Concession card holders (such as pensioners and low income earners) pay a much lower co-payment, so cost is less of a barrier for those with the greatest need.
• The PBS Safety Net protects people and families who need a lot of medicines. Once the threshold is reached, general patients pay the concessional rate for further PBS scripts and concession card holders receive them free for the rest of the calendar year. The 2026 thresholds are $1,748.20 for general patients and $277.20 for concessional patients. The same threshold applies to a family unit whether it’s an individual, a couple or a family with dependent children. What are the current patient fees and charges? +2
• Under Closing the Gap arrangements, general patients eligible for the Closing the Gap program pay the concessional rate of $7.70 per script, which helps reduce health inequities experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. pbs
• Because expensive medicines (such as cancer treatments) are capped at the co-payment, people can access them based on need rather than ability to pay.

Health Status and BOD

100

Identify the health indicator that measures death rates of children under 1

Infant mortality rate

200

What is one DALY equal to?

One Disability Adjusted Life Year is equal to one year of healthy life lost due to both premature death and the years lived with disability or illness. Calculated as YLL + YLD. 

300

What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?

Incidence is the number of new cases of a given condition in a given time period.

Prevalence is the total number of causes of a given condition in a given time period.

400

Explain maternal mortality rates

Deaths of mothers as a result of pregnancy, childbirth and 6 weeks after delivery

500

Define 'burden of disease'

Burden of disease is a measure of the impact of diseases and injuries. It measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability.

It is measured using a unit called the DALY (Disability-Adjusted Life Year).

DALY = YLL + YLD

• DALY: one DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to illness, disability or premature death
• YLL (Years of Life Lost): the fatal burden, measuring years of life lost due to premature death
• YLD (Years Lost due to Disability): the non-fatal burden, measuring healthy years of life lost due to illness, injury or disability

The more DALYs, the greater the burden of disease.

Unit 4

100

By what year do the Sustainable Development Goals aim to be achieved?

2030

200

Which SDG number is “Good health and well-being”?

SDG 3

300

Name the three dimensions measured by the Human Development Index.

A long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living

400

Which indicator is used to measure the “decent standard of living” dimension of the HDI?

Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP $)

500

In June 2025, the World Bank updated the international poverty line. Below what daily amount (in 2021 PPP dollars) is a person considered to be living in extreme poverty?

$3