Health & Illness
These disorders are short in duration, often have a relatively rapid onset, and are frequently responsive to treatment.
Acute illness.
This model proposes that illness only results from abnormal bodily processes.
Biomedical model
The brain and spinal cord make up this division of the nervous system.
The central nervous systems (CNS)
This division of the nervous system helps restore the body after an emergency has passed and helps maintain equilibrium.
Parasympathetic nervous system.
This disease involves degeneration of the basal ganglia [specifically the substantia nigra] and is associated with tremors, rigidity, and slowness of movement.
Parkinson's disease
These illnesses are slow to develop, long-lasting, and typically managed rather than cured.
Chronic illness.
These trials evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions and use random assignment.
Clinical trials
This structure helps regulate cardiac functioning, blood pressure, respiration, water balance, appetite, hunger, and sexual desire and connects nervous-system regulation with endocrine activity.
The hypothalamus.
After sympathetic arousal, heart rate and respiration decrease and metabolic activity resumes as the body returns toward this state.
Homeostasis.
In this disease, myelin disintegrates because the immune system attacks the myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers.
Multiple sclerosis
Because many leading illnesses are related to modifiable behavior, this approach aims to reduce risk before advanced illness develops.
Disease prevention.
This term describes a factor that is related to a health outcome but does not necessarily cause it.
Correlate
This structure is involved in threat detection and strong emotions.
The amygdala.
What neurotransmitters are produced in the adrenal medulla of the kidneys?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
This type of diabetes is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks a person's own cells.*Hint: this form of diabetes is usually juvenile onset*
Diabetes mellitus type I
This term refers to the origins or causes of illness.
Etiology
A researcher assigns participants to either a stress-management program or a no-treatment group. The stress-management program is this type of variable.
Independent variable
These nerve fibers live on top of the spinal cord and carry sensory signals to the brain.
In the HPA axis, this gland releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
Anterior pituitary.
Mutations affecting sodium, potassium, or calcium channels can increase neuronal excitability and promote excessive synchronized electrical activity, producing this disorder.
Epilepsy
A patient has genetic vulnerability but develops disease only under particular environmental conditions. This illustrates the interaction emphasized between microlevel and macrolevel processes.
Gene × environment
This model improved upon the biomedical model by reconnecting mind and body but was limited by assuming psychological factors could be sufficient to explain disease.
Psychosomatic medicine
This division of the peripheral nervous system is associated primarily with involuntary activity and connects the CNS with internal organs.
The autonomic nervous system
During stress, this part of the adrenal gland produces corticosteroid responses that increase access to energy stores and inhibit inflammation.
The adrenal cortex.
A patient develops Alzheimer’s disease later in life without a known familial mutation. This presentation is most consistent with this form of the disease.
Sporadic Alzheimer’s