THE RENAISSANCE
Dominated by the Medici banking family, this Italian city is widely called the birthplace of the Renaissance.
What is Florence?
In 1517 this Wittenberg monk published Ninety-Five Theses attacking the sale of indulgences.
Who is Martin Luther?
These two Spanish monarchs funded Columbus's 1492 voyage in the same year they completed the Reconquista
Who are Ferdinand and Isabella?
His 1543 book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres placed the sun, not the earth, at the center
Who is Nicolaus Copernicus?
On July 14, 1789, a Parisian crowd stormed this fortress-prison, a symbol of royal arbitrary power.
What is the Bastille?
This intellectual movement revived classical Greek and Roman texts and emphasized rhetoric, civic virtue, and human potential
What is humanism?
This reformer built a theocratic Geneva and taught predestination in Institutes of the Christian Religion.
Who is John Calvin?
This 1494 treaty, brokered by the pope, drew a line dividing newly encountered lands between Spain and Portugal.
What is the Treaty of Tordesillas?
His 1687 Principia unified terrestrial and celestial motion under universal gravitation.
Isaac Newton?
This nearly bloodless 1688–89 English revolution replaced James II with William and Mary and produced a Bill of Rights.
What is the Glorious Revolution?
Around 1450 this German goldsmith's movable-type press made books cheap enough to spread ideas across Europe
Who is Johannes Gutenberg?
Meeting from 1545 to 1563, this council reaffirmed Catholic doctrine and curbed abuses, anchoring the Counter-Reformation
What is the Council of Trent?
This term describes the transfer of crops, livestock, people, and pathogens between hemispheres after 1492
What is the Columbian Exchange?
This Englishman's Two Treatises of Government argued for natural rights and government by consent, influencing Jefferson directly
Who is John Locke?
This formerly enslaved general led the Saint-Domingue revolt that culminated in Haitian independence in 1804.
Who is Toussaint Louverture?
This Florentine diplomat argued in The Prince (1513) that a ruler is safer being feared than loved.
Who is Niccolò Machiavelli?
This Bourbon king converted to Catholicism ("Paris is worth a Mass") and issued the 1598 Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
Who is Henry IV?
This name is given to the brutal Atlantic crossing endured by roughly 12.5 million enslaved Africans.
What is the Middle Passage?
In The Spirit of the Laws (1748) this French noble proposed separating governmental powers to prevent tyranny
Who is Montesquieu?
Known as "The Liberator," he led independence campaigns across Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
Who is Simón Bolívar?
Called the "Prince of the Humanists," this Dutch scholar produced a Greek New Testament and mocked clerical corruption in In Praise of Folly.
Who is Erasmus?
This 1648 settlement ended the Thirty Years' War, recognized Calvinism, and let rulers determine their state's religion.
What is the Peace of Westphalia?
Exploiting Indigenous allies and smallpox, this conquistador destroyed Tenochtitlan and the Mexica Empire in 1521.
Who is Hernán Cortés?
Her 1792 Vindication of the Rights of Woman insisted Enlightenment reason applied to women's education too
Who is Mary Wollstonecraft?
In 1649 Parliament tried and executed this English king, briefly making England a republic
Who is Charles I?