Early Cultures in the Americas
What were the first people in the Western hemisphere called?
Clovis People
Who started the Protestant Reformation, and what were his points?
Martin Luther with his 95 Theses
Especially critical of the sale of indulgences
Faith was all that mattered, and only God determined if you earned salvation
Why did England create colonies in the New World?
Government: Provide raw materials and develop a thriving consumer market for English-made goods
The people: Escape from constant wars and religious strife; Food shortages- farmers shifted from crop growing to sheep herding due to the economy; Land scarcity; Mercantilism
What colony did the English take from the Dutch without a single shot?
New York
What caused the first slave codes, and what did they do?
A rebellion in New York
Removed any rights that slaves had and allowed their masters to do anything except kill their slaves
What were the Mayans known for?
Developed a written language and elaborate art
Used math and astronomy to create an accurate yearly calendar
Highly developed, hierarchical government, farms, large cities, and cohesive ideology
Who was the French scholar who developed his own belief system during the Protestant Reformation? What were his beliefs?
John Calvin
Predetermined fate set by God and original sin
What was the name of the English colony that went missing?
Roanoke
Who saved John Smith from being killed by the Indians? What conflict started shortly after?
Pocahontas
Powhatan War
Where did the Stono Rebellion take place?
South Carolina
What were the Incas known for?
Only civilization from South America
Stretched 2500 miles along the Andes Mountains by the 15th century
What were some ways that European and Indian cultures clashed?
The Europeans had the secular and sacred separated, and nature fell in the secular sphere, with natural resources being there for humans to use
Native Americans had no separation; all beings were linked to a sacred whole, and humans and nature had mutual reciprocity
What was the first permanent English settlement?
Jamestown
What were the causes of Bacon's Rebellion, and what was the result?
Causes: Falling tobacco prices, rising taxes, and landless drifters wanting Indian land
Result: The planter elite turned more towards African slavery as the main labor source
What was the Enlightenment, and who were some important people?
The Enlightenment
Celebrated freedom of thought, rational inquiry, critical thinking, scientific research, political liberty, and individual freedom
Nicolaus Copernicus, Isaac Newton, and John Locke
What four factors led to the Age of Exploration?
Feudalism and serfdom had mostly died out
A new middle class of profit-hungry merchants, bankers, and businessmen
New nations/kingdoms emerged as monarchs unified cities ruled by princes under a central government
The Renaissance
What was the main thing transferred through the Columbian Exchange?
Diseases
Who were the two groups that settled in New England, and how did their beliefs differ?
Puritans: Wanted to "purify" church practices, not leave it completely (removal of all papal rituals and simplification of religion)
Pilgrims: Separatists who wanted to leave the church completely
What caused the start of the Pequot War in 1636?
Massachusetts colonists accused a Pequot of murder
The Puritans burned a village with the people inside
The chief then counterattacked, but the Puritans won overall, and the nation was dissolved under the Treaty of Hartford in 1638
Who represented the American Enlightenment?
Benjamin Franklin
Which country launched the Age of Exploration?
Portugal
How did Spanish and French settlements differ?
Spain formed an authoritarian, nationalist, and religious unity that allowed it to dominate, and they hunted for gold
The French came in small numbers, mostly single men, and had non-violent relations so they could participate in the fur trade
Who were two important people persecuted by John Winthrop? Why did he persecute them?
Roger Williams: Separatist who backed the Indian's titles to their land
Anne Hutchinson: A woman who claimed direct revelations from God
America was a society with slaves, not a slave society, and slavery was not race-based
The first generation of slaves had more freedom than the others
It was easier to buy their freedom and their children’s
They could farm independently, marry, and baptise their kids
What was the goal of the Great Awakening, and what were its legacies?
Goal: Bring emotion back to religion
Legacies: Undermined the existing social order; Traditional ministers lost control of the people; New denominations; weakened the state-supported church; More toleration of dissent; Primed colonists to resist authority and thus influenced the revolution