Gestalt Psychology
Who is considered the founder of Gestalt psychology and what key phenomenon did he discover?
Max Wertheimer — discovered the phi phenomenon (illusion of motion)
What are archetypes according to Jung?
Jung identified the Persona (public mask), Shadow (repressed instincts), Anima/Animus (inner gendered aspects), and Self (central, balanced consciousness).
Explain Maslow’s PERMA model (Seligman) and what each component represents.
Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, Accomplishment
Who founded clinical psychology and what did he actually do?
Lightner Witmer — first psychology clinic
Who was the first president of the APA and why is this important?
G. Stanley Hall — institutionalized psychology
Compare Gestalt psychology with structuralism — what was the main disagreement?
Structuralism breaks experience into parts; Gestalt focuses on wholes
What was the case of Anna O. and why is it important?
Early psychoanalysis case; talking cure
Explain Piaget’s concept of conservation with an example.
Children understand quantity stays same despite appearance change
How did Walter Dill Scott apply psychology to business?
Advertising + suggestibility + personnel selection
Explain the difference between classical and operant conditioning.
Classical: association (Pavlov)
Operant: consequences (Skinner)
Explain the Zeigarnik Effect and how it can be applied in education or marketing.
People remember unfinished tasks better; used in ads, cliffhangers, study strategies
MBTI is based on which psychologist’s ideas? What are its strengths and weaknesses?
Carl Jung
+ easy to understand
− low scientific validity
Who developed person-centered therapy, and what are its two key principles?
Carl Rogers
What was the “Case of Peter” and why is it important?
Fear reduced through gradual exposure (early behavior therapy)
Which psychologist demonstrated that memories can be easily altered (false memories)?
Explain how this finding affects the reliability of eyewitness testimony and discuss its consequences in the legal system.
Elizabeth Loftus.
Memory is reconstructive and influenced by external information.
Eyewitnesses may confidently recall events that never happened, leading to false accusations and legal errors.
How did Köhler’s ape experiments challenge behaviorism?
Showed insight learning (problem-solving without trial-and-error)
Explain the main disagreement between Freud and Jung.
Freud: behavior driven by sexual instincts
Jung: collective unconscious + meaning + future goals
What is the Turing Test and what does the Chinese Room argument criticize?
Turing: if machine seems human → intelligent
Chinese Room: no real understanding, just symbol manipulation
Early intelligence testing was widely used in education and society.
What were some major misuses or limitations of IQ tests, and why can they be problematic?
Name at least three contributions of Francis Galton and explain their impact.
Correlation, mental testing, individual differences, eugenics
What is the difference between Gestalt psychology and Gestalt therapy? Briefly describe the main focus of each.
Name at least three Neo-Freudians and identify one key idea each contributed that differs from Freud.
Name two key figures in cognitive psychology and explain one major contribution of each.
Name at least one woman in applied psychology and explain her key contribution to the field.
Name two psychological experiments that would be considered unethical today. Explain what was done and why it is problematic.