Treaties
Were the First Nations consulted when the Treaty of Utrecht was signed?
No.
Who were habitants?
French settlers who farmed small plots of land.
What did Europeans give Indigenous peoples in exchange for furs?
Rifles, metal traps, sewing needles, cooking pots
What French territory did Britain gain after the Treaty of Utrecht?
Why was the Treaty of Portsmouth created?
Britain wanted to end the alliance between the Wabanaki Confederacy and French, and take control of the land.
Who were couriers de bois?
Independent French Canadian fur traders
Provide 3 reasons why Europeans joined the fur trade
- Imperialism
- Gain wealth
- Sustain themselves
What was the Fortress of Louisbourg?
- A French fort
- Center for French fisheries
- A major trading port
What was one term of the Treaty of Portsmouth?
Britain wouldn't build on Wabanaki land, they would trade at a neutral location, and exchange gifts.
Wabanaki Confederacy would stop attacking British, return land they had gained, and allow the British government to resolve future disputes.
Who were voyageurs?
Professional canoeists who transported furs to trading posts
How did First Nations women contribute to the fur trade?
- Prepared furs and hides
- Acted as interpreters, advisors and guides
Provide 3 reasons why the British expelled the Acadians.
- Wanted land
- Religious intolerance
- Alliances between the Acadians and Mi'kmaq
How did the British break the Treaty of Portsmouth?
- Stationed soldiers
- Built settlements inside Wabanaki territory
- Displaced and enslaved Wabanaki nations
Who were the Acadians?
French-speaking people of Acadia (a French colony)
Describe two harmful consequences of the fur trade.
1. Over-trapping
2. Spread of disease
What was the seigneurial system?
- The way that land was divided among settlers in new France
- Seigneurs rented out their land to habitants
Describe 3 outcomes of the Treaty of Utrecht.
British:
- Gained land
- Claimed Indigenous land
French:
- Lost land to Britain
- Formed an alliance with the Wabanaki Confederacy
First Nations:
- Not consulted
- Displaced by Europeans
- Killed
Who was Thanadelthur?
A Dene woman who brought together the warring Dene and Cree First Nations, and helped the HBC establish trade in the region.
How did competition between French and British fur traders benefit the First Nations?
Good bargaining position.