Revolutionary War
The turning point of the Revolutionary War in 1777 in New York. Led by Gates and Arnold defeated the British army under Burgoyne, who was forced to surrender. This victory boosted America's confidence and convinced the French to become allies
Battle of Saratoga
Sent to the states in 1777, ratified in 1781, and was the first constitution of the U.S. It included one vote per state, no executive or judicial branch, no tax or regular trade, a requisition system, and disagreements over who controlled over Northwest territory delayed approval until 1781.
Articles of Confederation
From 1786 to 1787 was an uprising of farmers in Massachusetts led by Shays. Protested economic conditions and the lack of response from the state government. Closed debtors' courts and freed imprisoned debtors. It exposes the weakness of the Articles of Confederation.
Shay's Rebellion
In 1787-1788, Americans who opposed the ratification of the U.S. Constitution feared it would give too much power to the government and would lack individual rights. They pushed for stronger state governments and a Bill of Rights. They argued no crisis, federalists were elitist, and led to tyranny.
Antifederalists
A winter camp of Washington's army in Pennsylvania during 1777 and 1778. A time when soldiers faced cold weather, hunger, and disease. The Army is in terrible shape with inadequate food, clothing, and shelter. The army grew stronger under Baron von Steuben with his military training.
Valley Forge
After the battle of Saratoga, a partnership between America was formed, established by the Treaty of Alliance in 1778. They agreed to support them with military aid, supplies, money, and naval power to fight against Britain. It led to new opportunities for Washington and made the war an international war. It was crucial to American victory
French Alliance
Laws were passed under the Articles of Confederation to govern the Northwest Territory from 1784 to 1787. First, establish a process for territories to become states. Then, sold land to individuals and divided the territory into districts and townships. Last, 60,000 required for statehood, bans slavery. These limited conflicts over land grew the nation.
Northwest Ordinances
In 1791, it was proposed by Hamilton proposed a national bank that helped the government deposits and services to businesses.
First Bank of the United States
During 1787-1788, they were supporters of the ratification who forced a strong national gov. Their tactics were state ratifying conventions, and only 9 states had to approve
Federalists
A Prussian military officer who provided professional military training to the Continental Army. He was introduced by George Washington in 1778, at Valley Forge, showing drills, training, and discipline to the troops. He transformed the army into an effective fighting force
Baron Friedrich von Steuben
Thomas Gage attempted to destroy the American forces around Boston in 1775 during the American Revolution. Americans almost massacred the British until running out of weapons. This boosted the confidence of colonial forces in standing up against the British.
Battle of Bunker Hill
In 1787, it rejected the Articles of Confederation, a new, stronger government with checks and balances. A bicameral legislature and representation in each house based on population
Virginia Plan
Signed in 1794 between the United States and Britain. This was to settle issues from the Revolutionary War, and the British could stop and search neutral ships. The British agreed to leave forts in U.S. territories and set rules for trade and border disputes. Americans disliked it because it favored Britain, but improved U.S. trade
Jay Treaty
During 1787-1788, a series of papers written by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay helped New York get ratified. Washington influences Virginia, and they promise to add a Bill of Rights, vital in many states
Federalist Papers
The Treaty was signed in 1783, which ended the Revolutionary War. Negotiated by Washington, Jay, and John Adams, the British recognized American independence. New western boundaries were formed along the Mississippi River. Also addressed British to evacuate forts, British merchants to be paid their debts, and Loyalist property to be restored
Treaty of Paris
During the Revolutionary War in 1776, crossing the Delaware River, a surprise winter attack was launched against Hessian (German) troops. The Germans were surprised and defeated, which caused Americans to boost their confidence.
Battle of Trenton
In 1787, it was decided that each enslaved person would count as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and representation in Congress, giving southern states more political power without fully counting enslaved people.
Three-Fifths Compromise
It was signed in 1795 between the U.S. and Spain. It settled border disputes between the U.S. and Spanish Florida and allowed Americans to travel and trade along the Mississippi River. This also allowed American trade in New Orleans, which helped expand trade and Spain's relations.
Pinckney Treaty
a Founding Father and the first Secretary of the Treasury who led the Federalists and helped write the Federalist Papers. He promoted a strong central government led by an elite, implemented the funding and assumption of national and state debts, established a national bank, and supported industrial growth through the Report on Manufactures and a modern financial system for the U.S.
Alexander Hamilton
In 1790, Hamilton had a plan for the federal gov. Old debt should be funded, and state debts assumed, to give the wealthy a stake in the success of the new gov.
Funding and Assumption
The final major battle of the Revolutionary War was in 1781. American and French forces led by Washington and Rochambeau and forces cut off British troops commanded by Cornwallis in Yorktown. With French naval support cutting off the escape route by sea, the British army was trapped and forced to surrender. This victory ended the war and secured American independence.
In Connecticut during 1787, there were disputes between large and small states over creating a bicameral legislature, a House of Representatives based on population for large, and equal representation in the Senate for small. This balanced the large and small states in the new gov.
Great Compromise
It was the first contested presidential election in which Federalist John Adams won against Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson. Hamilton's scheme backfires, Adam is triumphant, and Jefferson is vice president, which leads to political divisions because they're from opposing parties.
Election of 1796
It was a diplomatic conflict in 1797-1798 between the U.S. and France. It turns American public opinion against France. The French demanded bribes from officials and a hefty loan as a price for negotiating before talks could begin.
XYZ Affair
In 1791, Hamilton proposed a stimulation of industries through protective tariffs, gov. incentives, and support for manufacturing to promote economic growth and reduce dependence on foreign goods.
Report on Manufacturers