Ancient Civilizations
This river valley civilization developed hieroglyphics and built pyramids for its rulers.
Ancient Egypt
This social and economic system organized medieval Europe around land, loyalty, and protection.
Feudalism
This European movement emphasized humanism, classical learning, and new ideas in art and science.
Renaissance
This invention dramatically improved transportation and powered factories.
Steam Engine
This alliance system included Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy before World War I.
Triple Alliance
This Mesopotamian king is famous for creating one of the earliest written law codes.
Hammurabi
This Frankish ruler was crowned emperor by the pope in the year 800.
Charlemagne
This document declared American independence in 1776.
Declaration of Independence
This U.S. president issued the Emancipation Proclamation.
Abraham Lincoln
This 1917 telegram encouraged Mexico to attack the United States.
Zimmermann Telegram
This ancient Greek city-state is known as the birthplace of democracy.
Athens
This document, signed in 1215, limited the power of the English king.
Magna Carta
This French prison was stormed in 1789, marking the start of the French Revolution.
Bastille
This British queen ruled during a period of industrial growth and empire expansion.
Queen Victoria
This policy of giving in to Hitler’s demands before World War II was meant to avoid war.
Appeasement
This Roman general crossed the Rubicon, helping end the Roman Republic.
Julius Caesar
This empire preserved Greek and Roman learning and was centered in Constantinople.
Byzantine Empire
This scientist developed the laws of motion and gravity.
Isaac Newton
This canal, opened in 1869, connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.
Suez Canal
This 1942 battle is often considered a major turning point on the Eastern Front.
Battle of Stalingrad
This Chinese dynasty is known for standardizing writing, currency, and measurements after unifying China.
Qin Dynasty
This Moroccan city became a major center of learning and trade under Muslim dynasties and is home to one of the world’s oldest universities.
Fez
This Enlightenment thinker argued for the separation of powers in government.
Montesquieu
This German statesman unified Germany in 1871.
Otto von Bismarck
This 1945 conference divided Germany into occupation zones after World War II.
Yalta Conference