THE WORLD OF ROME
CHINA AND EAST ASIA
MUSLIM CALIPHATES
THE MONGOL WORLD
100
Who created the pax Romana, and what it means
Augustus, Pax Romana (Latin for "Roman Peace") refers to a period of relative peace, stability, and imperial expansion across the Roman Empire lasting roughly 200 years, from 27 BCE
100
For centuries, foreign states visiting China were required to offer gifts and acknowledge the Chinese Emperor as the supreme ruler of the world in exchange for trade rights and diplomatic recognition. What was this official system of international relations called?
The Tribute System (or Tributary System / Vassal System).
100
"Define the concept of Ummah in the context of Islamic society and international relations."
The global community of all Muslims, bound together by religion regardless of national, geographical, or ethnic borders.
100
Established by Genghis Khan in 1220 as the center of his empire in the Orkhon Valley, what was the name of the first capital city of the Mongol Empire?
Karakorum (Qoraqurum).
200
How many main periods is Ancient Roman history divided into, and what are they? with dates
The Roman Kingdom (753 BC – 509 BC) — Podshohlik davri
The Roman Republic (509 BC – 27 BC) — Respublika davri
The Roman Empire (27 BC – 476 AD) — Imperiya davri
200
Which TWO ancient Chinese dynasties were responsible for constructing and expanding these first major versions of the Great Wall against the Xiongnu?
The Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty (Sin va Han sulolalari).
200
During the early years of the spread of Islam, this specific administrative unit of government was created to officially register and pay Arab soldiers. What was the name of this administrative system?
Diwan (or The Diwan).
200
When Khubilai Khan launched invasions against Japan, his fleets were destroyed by fierce storms, which the Japanese believed were sent by the gods to save them. What was the famous Japanese term for this "divine wind"?
Kamikaze (or Kamikaze / 神風).
300
What is depicted on this coin from 63 B.C.E.?
The coin depicts a citizen dropping a tablet into a voting urn (the Roman equivalent of a ballot box). The letter "V" on the tablet signifies a "yes" vote, representing a historical vote that took place fifty years earlier.
300
What was the primary method used by Chinese emperors in this diplomatic strategy to maintain peace?
Marrying imperial princesses to nomadic leaders (chanyus).
300
During their eastward expansion by the year 700, Muslim forces crossed the Oxus River and swept toward this city, which serves as the capital of modern-day Afghanistan. What is the name of this city?
Kabul (Qobul).
300
In his famous travel account, the Venetian traveler recorded all the places he visited or learned about during his 17-year journey through the Mongol Empire. What was the title of this famous book?
Description of the World
400
What is the name of this island, which became Rome's very first overseas province?
Sicily
400
According to historical comparisons between Ancient China and Rome, both empires faced similar security challenges along their borders. To solve these problems and defend their frontiers, what TWO similar military methods did both empires use?
Recruiting "barbarian" soldiers and settling soldier-colonists.
400
Born in Tangiers to a family of legal scholars, this famous youth studied Muslim law, gained fluency in Arabic, and acquired the courtesy, manners, and social polish expected of a civilized Muslim gentleman before embarking on his legendary travels. Who is this person?
Ibn Battuta (Ibn Battuta).
400
In 1237, a massive army of 150,000 troops led by representatives of all four Mongol lines invaded Europe, gaining control of Moscow and Kievan Rus. Over the following five years, in which TWO European countries did they loot and devastate major cities?
Poland and Hungary
500
To formally and legally declare a "just war" (bellum iustum) against a foreign power, a Fetial priest had to travel to the enemy border, recite a ritual demand for restitution, and perform a specific symbolic act. WHAT SPECIFIC OBJECT DID THE PRIEST HAVE TO THROW ACROSS THE ENEMY BORDER TO OFFICIALLY INITIATE WAR ?
A blood-dipped spear (or a charred/sharpened spear).
500
Known as China's first female historian, this Han Dynasty scholar completed the grand historical text Book of Han (Hanshu) after her brother's death and wrote Lessons for Women (Nüjie). Who was this influential woman?
Ban Zhao (Ban Chjao).
500
"Who were the Mozarabs in the context of medieval Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus)?"
Christians who adopted Arabic culture, language, and customs without converting to Islam.
500
Under Kubilai Khan, the Mongols methodically surrounded the Song Empire before completing the conquest of China. As part of this strategy, they took Korea in 1258, destroyed the Nanzhao kingdom in modern Yunnan in 1254, and seized what region in northern Vietnam in 1257?
Annam (Annam).