The Enlightenment
Movement using reason and natural laws to challenge monarchy and feudalism.
What is the Enlightenment?
British tax on printed materials that angered colonists.
What is the Stamp Act
France’s unequal social system before the Revolution.
What is the Ancien Régime
Working-class radicals pushing extreme change.
Who were the sans-culottes
Believed people were selfish and needed strict control.
Who is Thomas Hobbes
Governments and the Church used this to silence Enlightenment ideas, forcing thinkers to use salons, pamphlets, and fiction.
What is censorship
Locke said people can do this if government violates their rights.
What is overthrow the government
Crisis worsened by war spending and royal extravagance.
What is deficit spending
Radical political club that pushed the Revolution toward republicanism.
What is the Jacobin Club
Believed humans have natural rights and can overthrow unjust governments.
Who is John Locke
Adam Smith said economies are guided by these natural forces.
What are supply and demand
Treaty that ended the American Revolution.
What is the Treaty of Paris (1783)
Third Estate’s pledge to create a constitution.
What is the Tennis Court Oath
Period of mass executions under Robespierre.
What is the Reign of Terror
Radical revolutionary leader who led the Reign of Terror.
Who is Maximilien Robespierre
Hobbes believed humans needed this strict form of government.
What is an absolute monarchy
The idea that government power comes from the people.
What is popular sovereignty
Educated middle class pushing for reform.
Who were the bourgeoisie
War with Austria increased this feeling among French citizens.
What is nationalism
French monarch whose financial decisions and policies contributed to the start of the French Revolution.
Who is Louis XVI
Montesquieu’s idea dividing government into separate branches.
What is separation of powers
Constitutional system preventing one branch from dominating.
What are checks and balances
Assembly called after 175 years to solve France’s financial crisis.
What is the Estates-General
Weak five-man ruling body after the Terror.
What is the Directory
Military leader who rose after the Revolution and became Emperor of France.
Who is Napoleon Bonaparte