Age of Napoleon
What years was Napoleon in power? Name 2 titles he held during this time.
1799 - 1815
Title: First Consul; Emperor of the French
Define nationalism (as it functioned in the 19th century)
nationalism = belief in shared identity and sovereignty of a people bound together by shared linguistic, cultural, and historical ties; the nation is the primary focus of people’s loyalty and sense of identity, even at the expense of other groups or individuals.
This Utopian Socialist believed that if humans were placed in the correct surroundings, their character could be improved and they could flourish; ALSO he believed this humane environment could be profitable.
Robert Owen
What year were the serfs freed in Russia and who freed them?
1861 - Tsar Alexander II
What was the Ancien Regime?
The term for life in Europe, especially France, before 1789; at this time, commoners paid heavy taxes and had few rights, while clergy and nobility enjoyed many privileges.
What was the Hundred Days? What event ended it?
A period of approximately 100 days when Napoleon escaped Elba and returned to power in France. He escaped Feb. 18 1815
This ended with the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815.
What sorts of things did nationalist proponents do to promote nationalist ideas in the 19th century?
Groups of nationalist writers started actively spreading concept of the nation via printed material
Recruited historians to chronicle (sometimes create) a nation’s past
Literary scholars collect and publish earlier writings in the people's language to create a shared national literature
Ethnographers collect evidence of a distinctive folk culture (myths, fairy talkies, song, poetry)
Linguists begin defining a nation’s formal literary language and codify grammars and dictionaries.
Schools and gov’t offices decided on an official language (to the exclusion of local dialects. Even so, in 1850, many think that fewer than half the inhabitants of France spoke the official French language.
This Utopian Socialist believe that the industrial order ignored the passionate side of human nature; advocated against division of labor b/c he thought people would be happier, less bored, and more productive if they moved from one task to another
Charles Fourier
What do Menshevik and Bolshevik mean and who were they?
Menshevik = "minority"
Bolshevik = "majority
They were radical groups during the Russian Revolution that pushed for socialism; Mensheviks were less radical, and the Bolsheviks ultimately ushered in the Revolution of 1917
Who were the Huguenots
French Protestant Calvinists
What was the Treaty of Campo Formio and why was it significant?
A treaty that Napoleon entered into (on behalf of the French gov't) in 1797 with Austria (whom he was fighting in Italy). This treaty:
What year were the Russian serfs freed and who freed them? For full credit, name another groups of serfs and when they were freed.
Russian serfs - freed 1861 by Tsar Alexander II
Austrian & Hungarian serfs - 1848
French serfs - 1789 (NCA abolishes it in response to the Great Fear)
What made the Utopian socialists both utopian and socialist?
Utopian, b/c they had visionary ideas of creating ideal communities; socialist b/c they advocated for property to be owned communally, not individually
Who was Rasputin?
A "healer" from Siberia who gained enormous power and influence in the family of Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarina Alexandra.
What was the Congress of Vienna, and how was its focus in 1815 unique?
A group of European powers who came together to address the "Napoleon problem"; its focus after 1815 was on building a strong Europe, rather than on punishing the losers (France) or grabbing more territory.
What was the Continental System?
Napoleon's economic plan for strangling Great Britain; it forbid French allies and conquered areas from trading with Great Britain.
Describe the difference between a liberal perspective and a conservative perspective. In the 19th century, what kinds of things did each group support?
Liberal - welcomes change; looks at things and asks what's broken that could be made better. Tended to support reform, democracy, freedom of the press, etc.
Conservative - views change as problematic; looks at things and asks what's good and how we can preserve that. Tended to support traditional institutions such as monarchy
Who wrote the Communist Manifesto?
Karl Marx and Fredreich Engels
What were the Red and White armies?
Red Army = supported Lenin, the Bolsheviks, and the Revolution
White Army = supported the Tsar and the tsarchy.
Who led the Bolsheviks? The Mensheviks?
Lenin led the Bolsheviks; Martov led the Mensheviks.
When did Napoleon invade Russia? What made him think he'd succeed, and why did it not go as planned? What does Napoleon do at the end?
1812; France had 600,000 soldiers (to Russia's 160,000).
Doesn't go as planned b/c Russians use a scorched earth tactic, and Russia is just so BIG that the French can't maintain supply lines.
At the end, Napoleon leaves his troops in Russia.
Where and when did the European Industrial Revolution begin, and what direction did it spread? Describe 2 impacts of industrialization on society in the 19th century.
Began in Britain in late 1700s; spread east.
Led to overcrowding and terrible living conditions; a rise in crime, changes in family structure, a rise in wage labor (=reduction in skilled laborers and a rise in factory laborers).
How are Communism and Socialism different?
Socialism questions the structures of capitalistic frameworks and advocates for (at least some) property to be owned communally; Communism is a particular form of Socialism that ALSO believes that history has been the story of class conflict (b/w those that own and control means of production vs. those who work for them). The proletariat are destined to rise up and overthrow the bourgeoisie.
What was Bloody Sunday and when did it occur?
1905; Tsar Nicholas II unleashed armed troops on peaceful protestors, killing 1,500.Turned the tide of opinion against the Tsar.
Name 2 things errors in judgment that Nicholas II made which damaged his people's confidence in him.
-Left Petersburg to go supervise Russian soldiers at the front during WWI
-Allowed Rasputin strong influence
-Set troops on unarmed protesters on Bloody Sunday