Martin Luther
This is what Martin Luther posted (it listed 95 issues Luther had with the church's doctrines and corruption) and was reprinted many times that sparked the Protestant Reformation.
What is the 95 Thesis?
One problem Luther (and others) had with the mass, sacraments and Bible was that it was in Latin only, not people's spoken, everyday language, called this.
What is the vernacular?
Swiss Protestant leader; believed in predestination and a very strict interpretation of Christianity - removing the excesses of the RCC. Spread throughout much of France, Scotland, England...different followers were called Calvinists, Presbyterians, and Puritans.
Who was John Calvin?
What are the Northern Italian city-states?
As a result of the Protestant Reformation, there are hundreds of Protestant types, the vocabulary term is this.
What are denominations?
To go against church teachings.
What is heresy?
Luther was also opposed to the policy of clerical celibacy. He said it was not supported by the Bible, and that clergy members (priests, monks, nuns) should be able to do this.
What is to get married?
This was how the Papal authorities responded to leaders like Jan Hus and John Wycliffe when they criticized church practices and corruption.
What is had them burned at the stake and/or their remains dug up and set on fire?
14th to early 15th century Czech Christian leader, philosopher and reformer; followers were called Hussites; executed (along with his followers) for heresy; burned at the stake.
To use one's wealth to support the arts and sciences.
What is patronage?
The Protestant Reformation led to European migrations to these lands that Europeans just became aware of at the same time.
What are the Americas?
Baptism, Confession (Penance), Holy Communion, Confirmation, Marriage, Holy Orders, and Anointing of the Sick (Last Rites) were these that could only be performed by clergy members to their parishioners.
What are sacraments?
Luther's teachings spread first in this area where he was from.
What is the Holy Roman Empire?
Selling church jobs/offices (that paid salaries).
What is simony?
Protestants that were considered "radical" because they followed the Bible at all costs and thousands were executed as a result (by Catholics and other Protestants) because they would not swear oaths, baptism was for adults (not babies), they were pacifists (would not fight in king's armies). Today's Baptists have their roots in this group as well as the Mennonites and the Amish. Their persecution led many to emigrate to the Americas for religious freedom at this time.
Who were Anabaptists?
Wealthy Florentine banking merchants, patrons of the arts in the Renaissance.
Who were the Medici?
Henry VIII broke England away from the Church because he
What is wanted a divorce and church lands in England?
To be kicked out of the church, and unable to receive sacraments.
What is excommunicated?
When peasants were inspired by Luther's teachings to demand equality and an end to serfdom (they also destroyed monasteries and churches....), this was Luther's response.
What is he sided with the local princes and kings to forcefully put down the rebellions and put the peasants back in their lowly places?
Appointing family members to positions in government/papacy.
What is nepotism?
14th century English priest, philosopher and reformer who translated the Bible into English, his followers were called the Lollards; he criticized church corruption publicly. After dying from a stroke, the papacy ordered his writings burned and his body to be unburied and burned as a heretic.
Who was John Wycliffe?
Reasons why the printing press would inspire exploration.
What are
1. Better maps
2. knowledge of new places spreads
3. travelers accounts would be reprinted and inspire others
She was the long ruling Protestant daughter of Henry VIII, and the last of the Tudor dynasty. Under her leadership, England began to build its empire.
Who was Queen Elizabeth I?
To change.
What is reform?
Luther was hateful toward these people because they did not convert to his denomination of Christianity (Lutheranism).
Who were the Jews?
The sale of these certificates of forgiveness was a corrupt church practice.
What are indulgences?
Church of England, formed by King Henry VIII (Tudor Dynasty); in the Americas it will be renamed the Episcopalian Church. He made himself the head of it with the Archbishop of Canterbury the religious leader. VERY similar to RCC but the land and $$$ stayed in England. This split England apart and led to persecution of Catholics and a back and forth over the next couple of hundred years. The similarity to the RCC led to several other protestant denominations developing in England because the Anglican Church was too similar to the RCC for many.
What is the Anglican Church?
This religious organization were tremendous patrons of the arts in the Renaissance.
Who were the papacy?
The Portuguese, Spanish, English, Dutch, Swedes and French wanted to take away trade dominance from these two groups that controlled what came in from the east, including spices and silk.
Who were the Ottomans and Venetians?
Northern European trade network.
What is the Hanseatic League?
Luther had a friend who did this for him, to make his point and teach those who could not read, even in their own vernacular.
What were drawings/illustrations?
1/10 of a family's income was to be given to the Church, for the clergy and upkeep of church services and charity.
What was the tithe?
Originated in mid-17th century England, founded by George Fox as a non-conforming Protestant movement emphasizing direct, internal experience of God ("Inner Light") over clergy. Known for pacifism, equality, and social justice, they faced severe persecution before expanding to North America, particularly Pennsylvania, and globally.
Who are the Religious Society of Friends aka the Quakers?
These two kingdoms on the Iberian peninsula would not embrace the new Protestant denominations, and would remain officially aligned with the papacy and RCC.
Who were Spain and Portugal?
Kings and Queens that broke away from the Roman Catholic Church in the Protestant Reformation would also benefit because they would take ownership of these.
What were Church lands, especially monasteries?
The spoken, everyday language of a group of people.
What is the vernacular?