Module 5
(Heredity)
(Heredity)
On a pedigree chart, what shape is used to represent an affected male?
Shaded Square
What is the main cause of a genetic variation?
Genetic Variation
Name 4 different types of pathogens that can cause infectious disease.
Bacteria, virus, protozoa, prion
Name 3 lifestyle risks associated with cardiovascular disease.
Unhealthy diet, smoking, lack of exercise.
What is the main function of the mitochondria in a cell?
To produce energy in the form of ATP
A term that describes an organism's genetic makeup for a particular trait, such as "Bb" or "BB"?
Genotype
Somatic mutations cannot be passed down to the next generation
What is an antibody?
A protein used by the immune system to target and neutralize a pathogen
What is the term for the measurement of how common a condition, disease, or trait is within a specific population?
Prevalence
Explain the difference between DNA and RNA.
DNA is usually double-stranded and stores genetic information. RNA is usually single-stranded.
A homozygous purple plant (PP) is crossed with a homozygous white plant (pp). What is the phenotype of the offspring?
Purple
What is the key difference between a gene mutation and a chromosomal mutation?
Chromosomal mutation affects the shape and number of chromosomes
Methods used to control the spread of an infectious disease?
Hand washing, face mask, sanitation, isolation, distancing.
What are the 4 steps of a negative feedback loop?
Stimulus, sensor (receptor), control centre, effector.
What is the role of enzymes in biological reactions?
To speed up chemical reactions in a body.
What type of bond holds complementary base pairs together within a DNA molecule?
Hydrogen Bonds
From the sequence below, identify if it is a substitution, insertion or deletion mutation?
Original: ATG-CGA-TTC
Mutated: ATG-CCA-TTC
Substitution
Explain the 3 lines of defence of the immune system?
1st - Skin, hair, mucous are physical and chemical barriers that stop germs from entering the body
2nd - Phagocytosis and somatic signs like fever, chills, sweating, heat, swelling, pain.
3rd - Immune response with T-cells, B-cells and memory cells
Explain the difference between a benign tumour and a malignant tumour.
Benign - slow cell division, does not spread
Malignant - rapid cell division that spreads
How does a mutation in DNA result in a change to the structure and function of a protein?
A mutation changes the DNA base sequence of a gene, which alters the amino acid sequence during translation and therefore the protein structure.
What are the 4 phases of meiosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
What are the 4 steps of Recombinant DNA technology?
Isolation, Cutting, Joining, Insertion
How do vaccines work with reference to third line of defence?
Increases adaptive immunity by creating a faster response from an increase in memory B and T cells and their ability to quickly produce antibodies.
At a cellular level, how does prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation lead to skin cancer?
UV damages the DNA inside skin cells, which can cause cells to rapidly divide
How do environmental conditions can lead to natural selection?
Environmental changes cause selection pressures where stronger traits are favoured for survival.