There are different kinds of logic?
A type of reasoning that aims to guarantee the truth of a conclusion
Deductive reasoning
A deductive argument that presents as an "either-or" statement. A or B, if A is true, then B is false. If B is true, then A is false.
Disjunctive Syllogism
Used for deductive arguments, this means the syllogism has a correct form or structure. The truth of its premises guarantees the truth of its conclusion.
Valid
The people or subjects about whom you wish to generalize (based on your research)
Target population
A 3rd or a hidden variable that influences both the independent and dependent variables
Confounding variable
A type of reasoning that considers possibilities to offer the most likely explanation in a given situation
Abductive reasoning
A deductive argument that connects categories or groups; can claim an individual or group belongs to another category
Categorical Syllogism
In inductive arguments, if true premises make the conclusion highly probable we call the reasoning ______
Strong
The way survey is administered (by phone, in person) may cause different data to be collected
Mode Effect
This must be present for B to occur. No A, no B. But it is not alone enough to produce the outcome.
Necessary condition
A type of reasoning that aims to produce a general conclusion or generalization that is probably true based on evidence like data or experience.
Inductive reasoning
A deductive argument that presents as an "if-then" statement. You are allowed to affirm the antecedent and deny the consequent.
Conditional Syllogism
In inductive arguments, if the reasoning is strong and the premises are true, we call the argument _______
Cogent
Your research question. What you want to know. The variable you will test.
Characteristic of interest
A relationship between two variables where they move in the same direction. When one increases, the other also increases, and vice-versa.
Positive correlation
An error in reasoning that refers to structural errors in deductive reasoning. Problem is with form of argument.
Formal Fallacy
The Latin name for Affirming the Antecedent
Modus Ponens
Used for deductive arguments, this means a valid syllogism also has true premises.
Sound
When every person in a target population has an equal chance of being asked to participate
Randomized Sampling or Probability Sampling
In a study, this used is for comparison against the experimental group to measure the effect of a treatment
Control group
An error in reasoning in inductive reasoning where there is a problem with the content of an argument.
Informal Fallacy
The Latin name for Denying the Consequent
Modus Tollens
In inductive arguments, if true premises DO NOT make the conclusion highly probable we call the reasoning ______
Weak
When participants are selected to participate in a study or poll based on non-random criteria, such as they choose to opt-in
Non-Probability Sampling
This theory states that if in all cases where an effect Z occurs, there is a single prior factor A that is common to all those cases, then A is the cause of the effect Z.
Mill’s Method of Agreement