Culture and Development
The shared beliefs, values, customs, and practices learned within a group are called this.
What is culture?
This term describes an individual’s genetic makeup, rather than its observable expression.
What is genotype?
An infant searches for a toy hidden under a blanket, demonstrating this understanding that objects continue to exist when unseen. Act it out with your team!
What is object permanence?
In Piaget’s theory, a child uses pretend play and symbols but has difficulty with logical mental operations. Name this stage.
What is the preoperational stage?
The biological changes that lead to sexual maturity are collectively called this.
What is puberty?
A researcher observes the same children at ages 3, 6, and 9. This is the research design.
What is a longitudinal design?
Alcohol and other environmental agents that can harm prenatal development fall into this general category.
What are teratogens?
A toddler checks a caregiver’s facial expression before approaching an unfamiliar toy. This use of another person’s emotions as a guide is called this.
What is social referencing?
A child understands that 5 quarters stretched out in a line and 5 quarters in a short line remain the same amount. Name this ability.
What is conservation?
A teen systematically considers hypothetical explanations and tests which one fits. In Piaget’s theory, this reasoning characterizes this stage.
What is the formal operational stage?
A school assumes that independent decision-making is the best sign of maturity in every culture. This bias judges other cultures by the standards of one’s own.
What is ethnocentrism?
A newborn’s heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, reflex response, and skin color are rated shortly after birth using this assessment.
What is the Apgar assessment?
During a reunion, an infant seeks comfort, settles with the caregiver, and returns to exploration. This is the attachment classification most consistent with the pattern.
What is secure attachment? A brief vignette illustrates a pattern, not a clinical diagnosis.
A child can solve a puzzle with guidance but cannot yet solve it independently. Vygotsky used this term for the gap between those levels of performance.
What is the zone of proximal development?
After one awkward moment, a teen believes everyone at school is watching and judging them. Name this aspect of adolescent egocentrism.
What is the imaginary audience?
A child’s behavior changes after a caregiver loses their job because of an employer’s closure. In Bronfenbrenner’s model, this indirectly influential setting belongs to this system.
What is the exosystem? The workplace affects the child without the child participating in it.
An exposure occurs during weeks 3–8 after conception, when major organs are forming. Name this prenatal period.
What is the embryonic period?
A toddler insists on dressing independently. In Erikson’s theory, the toddler is navigating this conflict.
What is autonomy versus shame and doubt?
A child knows that Sam, who left before a toy was moved, will search in its original location. Name the broader capacity to understand another person’s beliefs that this illustrates.
What is theory of mind? Accept false-belief understanding.
A teen actively explores religious, career, and political possibilities without making firm commitments. In Marcia’s framework, name this identity status.
What is identity moratorium? Exploration is active; commitments have not been made.
A study finds that more screen use is associated with poorer sleep. A student concludes that screens caused the sleep problems. Name the research principle that challenges that conclusion.
What is correlation does not establish causation? Direction of influence and third variables remain unresolved.
An infant who is easily distressed evokes more soothing from caregivers. This is the type of gene–environment correlation in which a child’s characteristics elicit responses from others.
What is evocative gene–environment correlation? Accept evocative correlation.
A highly active toddler struggles in a setting requiring long periods of stillness but thrives when movement breaks are added. This concept describes the match between temperament and environmental demands.
What is goodness of fit?
A 9-year-old stops trying after repeated school setbacks and says, “I’m bad at everything.” In Erikson’s theory, name the developmental conflict highlighted here.
What is industry versus inferiority?
A teen values family obligations while seeking more say in personal choices. Name Erikson’s adolescent conflict, and identify one culturally responsive question a counselor could ask.
What is identity versus role confusion? Also require a contextual question, such as “How do you and your family understand growing independence?” Accept questions exploring the teen’s meaning, family values, or negotiated autonomy without assuming family obligation is unhealthy.