Cell Respiration
and
Photosynthesis
Macromolecules
DNA Replication
Chemical Elements
and
Water
Transcription
and
Translation
100

Write out the chemical equation for aerobic cell respiration.

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP

100

Draw an amino acid.


100
List the four nucleotides and state the base-pairing rule.
Adenine - Thymine Cytosine - Guanine
100
List the four main elements found in living organisms.
Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Carbon, and Oxygen
100
Compare the structure of RNA and DNA.
DNA - 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose); has 4 nitrogenous bases (C, G, T, A); double stranded molecule RNA - 5 carbon sugar (ribose); has 4 nitrogenous bases (C, G, U, A); single stranded molecule
200
List three ways the rate of photosynthesis can be measured.
Increase in carbon dioxide, decrease in oxygen, and increase in biomass.
200

Compare and contrast condensation and hydrolysis reactions.

Condensation (dehydration) - build polymer, loss of water Hydrolysis - break a polymer into monomers, gain of water

200
Explain the significance of complementary base pairing.
The conservation of base sequence of DNA. DNA must be replicated identically.
200
State one function for each of the four main elements in organisms.
Nitrogen - found on amino acids; some others Hydrogen - makes up many macromolecules; H-bonding to hold molecules together; some others Carbon - makes up many macromolecules Oxygen - makes up many macromolecules
200
Where does transcription and translation take place?
transcription - nucleus translation - cytoplasm
300
List the products of alcoholic fermentation.
carbon dioxide and ethanol
300

Name a difference in structure between glucose and ribose.

glucose is a hexagon shape and ribose is a pentagon shape

300
Which strand of DNA are Okazaki fragments found on?
The Lagging strand
300
Outline the thermal properties of water and how it is used as a coolant in living organisms.
Water has high specific heat. All living things are composed of water and thus act as a temperature stabilizer. Sweating as a coolant.
300
Explain the role of tRNA.
tRNA has anticodons that bind to the codons. tRNA also carries a specific amino acid.
400
Outline the differences in absorption of red, blue, and green light by chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is a green pigment therefore reflects green light. This means that chlorophyll absorbs other wavelengths of the visible light spectrum like the red and blue wavelengths of energy.
400

Explain the effect of temperature on enzyme activity.

Enzymes work at optimal temperature. Generally, as temperature increases, enzyme activity increases. However, when the temperature becomes to extreme for the enzyme, the enzyme will denature and the activity will halt.

400

List four enzymes involved in DNA replication and their role.

Helicase - unwinds the DNA 

DNA polymerase 3 - adds complementary bases to template strand 

RNA primase - adds RNA primer to template strand so DNA polymerase knows where to begin 

DNA polymerase 1 - replaces RNA primer with DNA

DNA ligase- bonds the nicks in the sugar phosphate molecule between fragments on the leading and lagging strand

DNA gyrase- uncoils the double DNA helix from the supercoiling 

400
Outline the cohesive property of water and describe where this is seen.
Cohesion - the ability of water molecules to "stick" together. This is seen in trees to bring water up from the roots into the tree. (Also adhesion - the ability of water to stick to something else.) Also water's surface tension that allows some organisms to walk on water.
400
Explain the E site of a ribosome.
E site is the site from which the tRNA that has lost its amino acid is discharged.
500
Outline the effects of temperature, light intensity, and carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis.
Temperature - as temperature increases the rate of photosynthesis increases due to the increase in molecular collisions. At a certain point though, the enzymes will become denatured at too high of a temperature. Light intensity - as the light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases, but the rate will plateau as enzymes are already working at their maximum rate Carbon dioxide - as CO2 increases so does the rate of photosynthesis but then plateaus unless light or temperature is also increased
500

State four functions of proteins, giving a named example of each.

1. Transporter - haemoglobin 2. Muscle movement (contraction) in animals - actin and myosin 3. Act as hormones - insulin 4. Antibodies - immunoglobulins 5. Enzymes - amylase

500

List a difference between DNA polymerase III and DNA polymerase I.

DNA polymerase III - synthesizes new strand by adding nucleotides onto the template strand DNA polymerase I - removes the primer and replaces it with DNA

500
Outline the solvent properties of water and its uses in living organisms as a medium for metabolic reactions.
Water is an excellent solvent of other polar molecules. Most macromolecules are polar and water can break these down to enter the cell. Water is also an excellent medium. Blood is most common transport medium in animals; blood is mainly made up of water. Blood is a transport for red blood cells, white blood cells, and variety of dissolved molecules.
500

Translation involves several phases: initiation, elongation, translocation, and termination. Explain each of these.

Initiation: a start codon on mRNA for the tRNA to read and bind to with the anticodon to start the process of translation. Elongation: involves tRNA bringing amino acids to mRNA. Translocation: Movement if tRNA from A site, to P site, to E site. The amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain by peptide bond. Termination: One of the three stop codons appears signaling the tRNA to stop the process and leave.

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