The Basics
This structure sends out lymphocytes that help fight infection.
A. Stomach
B. Lungs
C. Lymph nodes
D. Kidneys
What is C, Lymph nodes
Give the definition of the innate defense system
What is The innate system is the nonspecific defense system we are all born with that is activated when any foreign invaders try to enter the body
Describe the second line of defense
What is
the body’s innate, non-specific internal immune system
or
The second line is the innate immune response: fast and non-specific, acting within minutes or hours.
Describe the Third Line of defense
What is
The adaptive immune response is highly specific to individual pathogens and creates immunological memory.
What is the role of memory B cells and memory T cells in adaptive immunity?
What is
Memory B cells quickly produce antibodies against familiar antigens; memory T cells help destroy infected cells and coordinate the immune response.
Name the two main defense mechanisms that make up the immune system.
What is Innate and Adaptive
The innate system is the nonspecific defense system we are all born with.
What is
The innate system responds immediately to protect our body from foreign substances.
What is the main role of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?
What is
detect common features of pathogens
B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which produce these molecules that bind to antigens:
A. Interferons
B. Antibodies (immunoglobulins)
C. Perforin
D. Pattern recognition receptors
What is
B, Antibodies
How do vaccines help prepare the immune system against future infections?
What is
Vaccines create immune memory without causing severe disease, allowing a rapid secondary response if the real pathogen enters later.
Which cells are a type of white blood cell that travel through blood and lymph vessels to fight infection?
A. Red blood cells
B. Platelets
C. Lymphocytes
D. Stem cells
What is C
This enzyme found in saliva and tears destroys bacteria.
A. Amylase
B. Lysozyme D
C. Pepsin
D. Insulin
What is B, Lysozyme D
What is most likely to occur when pathogens successfully penetrate the body's physical and chemical barriers?
What is
The bodies innate response is activated, the second line of defense.
Helper T cells (CD4+) primarily do which of the following?
A. Directly kill infected cells
B. Produce antibodies
C. Activate B cells and coordinate the immune response
D. Release lysozyme D
What is C
What is immune amnesia, and which virus is associated with it?
What is
Immune amnesia is when viruses (like measles) destroy immune memory cells, making a person vulnerable to previously-fought infections.
What type of threats does the immune system protect our body against.
What is infection, cancer, and other conditions caused by foreign substances.
Sticky mucus in the digestive and respiratory passageways is an example of which type of barrier?
A. Adaptive barrier
B. Chemical barrier only
C. Physical barrier that traps microorganisms
D. Third line of defense
What is C
These specialized white blood cells patrol the body and destroy pathogens by engulfing them.
A. B cells
B. T cells
C. Phagocytes / Macrophages
D. Plasma cells
What is
C, Phagocytes
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) kill infected cells by releasing these two things:
A. Antibodies and interferons
B. Perforin and granzymes
C. Lysozyme and mucus
D. PRRs and NK cells
What is B
How does trained immunity in innate immune cells differ from adaptive immune memory?
What is
Trained immunity in innate cells (macrophages, monocytes) responds more strongly even to different future threats; adaptive memory is specific to a particular antigen.
Name two organs involved in activating lymphocytes
What is lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, appendix
The stomach mucosa secretes gastric juice to kill pathogens. What does this juice contain?
A. Lysozyme and mucus
B. Hydrochloric acid and protein-digesting enzymes
C. Antibodies and interferons
D. Lymphocytes and NK cells
What is B
Natural Killer (NK) cells target which types of cells?
What is
NK cells identify and destroy infected host cells, such as virus-infected or cancerous cells.
In the COVID-19 example, B cells produced antibodies targeting which part of the virus?
A. The viral RNA
B. The spike proteins
C. The cell membrane
D. The mitochondria
What is B
Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks:
A. Red blood cells and platelets
B. The myelin covering of nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord
C. The lymph nodes directly
D. Stomach lining and digestive enzymes
What is
B