MHC ya later
This type of MHC is responsible for presenting pathogens that are exogenous.
What is MHC II?
This is the very first step in developing a heavy chain and the stage it occurs in.
Bonus: What enzyme complex is responsible for this and what are some of it's components?
What is D-J recombination in a Pro-B cell?
Bonus answer: V(D)J recombinase complex with RAG-1 and RAG-2
This is the major type of T cell receptor?
What is αβ type?
This is the TH cell that is formed when stimulated by IL-12 and what other TH cells it inhibits.
Bonus: what cytokine does it produce?
What is TH1 followed by inhibition of TH2 and TH17?
Bonus: it produces IFN-γ
This is the signature cytokine for Treg.
Bonus: name the signature cytokines for TH1, TH2, and TH17
What is IL-10?
Bonus: INFγ, IL-4 and IL-17
These are the 2 effects that may result from coadministration of NSAIDs and ACE inhibitors.
What is deterioration of renal function and decreased blood pressure lowering effect of ACEi?
This class of MHC has a peptide binding grove formed by α1 and α2 domains.
What is MHC class I?
Immature B cells that are self-reactive are given a second chance to alter their light chains via this process, failing which they undergo negative selection via apoptosis.
Bonus: what is this whole process called?
What is receptor editing?
Bonus: central tolerance
This is what accounts for the diversity in T cell receptors by inserting nucleotides at DNA breaks.
What is terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TdT)?
This is the function of TH17.
What is activation of epithelial cells and neutrophils to kill fungi and extracellular bacteria? Also autoinflammatory diseases.
Class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation are both facilitated by this enzyme.
Bonus: what is the significance of having a defect in this enzyme?
What is AID?
Bonus: may lead to hyper-IgM syndrome 2 which is characterized by high levels of IgM, but little levels of other isotypes.
These drugs bind intracellular receptors and alter gene transcription to suppress multiple inflammatory pathways
What are glucocorticoids?
Produced by pathogenic bacteria, this can crosslink with many CD4+ T cell receptors causing the secretion of high levels of cytokines.
This is what happens after an ITAM signal reaches the nucleus.
Bonus: What type of light chain is formed preferentially?
What is the heavy chain rearrangements and the surrogate light chain production get shut down and the light chain production begins?
Bonus: κ first, then λ
These are all combined to make up the TCR complex.
Bonus: How many ITAMS are there per TCR complex?
What are the TCR, CD3 and ζ?
Bonus: 10
These are the 2 ways in which a CD8+ T cell kill target cells.
What are producing granzymes and perforins or poking the infected cell's death button (FasL - Fas)?
This is what happens in the dark zone of a germinal center.
What is rapid B-cell proliferation and somatic hypermutation?
This anti-inflammatory drug has a narrow therapeutic index.
What is colchicine?
Otherwise known as CD1, this MHC plays a big role in presenting lipids and glycolipids for T cell response.
What is an MHC class I-like molecule?
This is what makes up a surrogate light chain.
Bonus: At this stage, the heavy chain is linked to something. What is it and what is the significance of it?
What is λ5 and VPreB?
Bonus answer: a dimer made up of Igα and Igβ. They function as a signal transducer via ITAM
This is what occurs when a TCR makes the first signal, but fails to make the second signal.
Bonus: what is the first signal?
Second bonus: What second signals are inhibitory vs promoting?
What is anergy?
Bonus: 1. MCH interaction with TCR
Second bonus: B7:CD28 promoting
B7:CTLA4 inhibitory
This is how antibody proliferation is decreased in the presence of an overabundance of antibodies.
What is a feedback mechanism that uses CD32 to activate phosphatases that deactivate ITAM in B cells?
In the germinal center, B cells undergo these two processes to end up with the highest affinity antibody.
Bonus: describe each one
What are somatic mutations and affinity maturation?
Bonus: one introduces mutations into antibody variable regions to create diversity, while the other results in the selection of B cells with higher antigen-binding affinity.
This is the more relevant cause of NSAID toxicity.
What is systemic inhibition of mucosal prostaglandin synthesis?
MHC genes are this, meaning they contain multiple members (e.g. HLA-A, B and C), each encoding different peptide binding specificities.
What is polygenic?
This is the phenomena where only one heavy and one light chain are expressed.
What is allelic exclusion?
This is the correct order of T cell development and central tolerance. Hint: AIRE, double negative, single positive, positive selection, double positive, thymic selection, and negative selection
Bonus: what is negative and positive selection and what role does AIRE play?
What is: double negative cell-> double positive cell -> single positive cell -> thymic selection: positive selection -> negative selection using AIRE
Bonus: positive selection is when cells show an affinity for either MHC I or II or self. If they don't, death. Negative selection is when cells show too much affinity for MHC I or II or self. If they do, death. AIRE is what causes the expression of self-Ag to test the naive T cells during negative selection.
These are the 3 major transcription factors that are involved in thymus independent signaling in B cells that ultimately lead to B cell activation and proliferation.
What are NFAT, NF-κB, and AP-1?
These two cytokines promote B-cell differentiation by interacting with receptors such as BAFF-R, TACI, and BCMA.
What are BAFF and APRIL?
This TNF-α inhibitor is administered intravenously and is commonly given with methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis.
Bonus: why do people get screened for TB prior to starting therapy with a TNF-α inhibitor?
What is infliximab?
Bonus: one of the roles of TNF-α is to form and maintain granulomas. These granulomas sequester certain organisms including M. tuberculosis to prevent them from causing an active infection. Inhibiting TNF-α might compromise the granuloma, releasing the pathogen.