The Acts of Industrialism and New Ideas
A response to dangerous working conditions, long work hours, low pay, and the rapid exploitation of women and children in factories and mines.
Labor Union
A steam powered pump that lifted water from the mines.
steam engine
Advocate for freedom of religion
Voltaire
A political and economic ideology that aims to create a classless, stateless society based on the common ownership of the means of production and the elimination of private property.
Communism
A cultural movement in Europe that emphasized human reason, science, and people's freedom to control the government
The Enlightenment
A series of parliamentary acts passed between that converted traditional open fields and shared common land into privately owned, fenced-in property.
Enclosure Acts
A small building with small rooms where residents are crammed in a room with many other families
Tenement
the people who theorized Communism.
Karl Marx & Frederick Engels
An economic system based on private ownership of the means of production, competitive markets, and the generation of profit.
Capitalism
The belief that a specific group of people with a shared culture, language, or history should have a self-governing country.
Nationalism
A series of acts passed to regulate and improve the conditions of industrial employment.
The Factory Acts
Large-scale transportation systems composed of steam-powered locomotives moving over fixed iron or steel rails
Railroads
Philosopher known as the father of modern economics
Adam Smith
A rejection of state-controlled economies in favor of natural, self-regulating markets driven by individual choice.
Supply and Demand
The principle that all people must be treated the same way by the law and receive equal protection
Equality before the law
Laid the groundwork for organized labor resistance and later feminist movements.
Women's movement
A network of people and equipment designed to manufacture, process, and distribute goods.
Industrial System
Creator of Natural Rights
John Locke
(old regime) Tightly regulated trade, sold commercial monopolies, and viewed national wealth as a zero-sum game centered on accumulating gold
Mercantilism
The political principle that a government's legitimacy and moral authority are created and sustained by the consent of its people
Popular Sovereignty
The shift of human populations from rural areas to cities and towns
Urbanization
The socioeconomic class of wage laborers who do not own the means of production (such as factories, land, or tools) and must sell their labor to survive.
Proletariat
Creator of Social Contract
Thomas Hobbes
an economic and social doctrine that advocates for a "hands-off" policy with minimal or no government interference in private transactions, trade, and business affairs
Laissez Faire
A political and constitutional doctrine that divides the core responsibilities of government into distinct, independent branches to prevent the concentration of power and protect individual liberty.
Separation of Powers