physical development
cognitive development
emotional and social development
Mystery box
real world applications
100
why is nutrition so important for infants (part 1), and what are 7 advantages to breastfeeding(part 2)
part 1.) nutrition supports rapid growth of the brain and body. 25% of a baby's caloric intake is devoted to growth, and they need twice the calories of an adult to keep rapidly developing organs functioning properly. part 2.) breastfeeding provides the right balance of fat and protein (1), ensures nutritional completeness(2), helps ensure healthy physical growth(3), protects against diseases(4), protects against faulty jaw development and tooth decay(5), ensures digestibility(6), and soothes the transition to solid foods(7).
100
Describe Piaget's sensory motor stage
The belief that infants and toddlers "think" with their eyes, ears, hands, and other sensory motor equipment. Piaget believed that infants cannot carry out many activities inside their head, but by the end of toddlerhood, children can solve practical problems and express themselves through speech. This stage spans the first 2 years of life.
100
explain Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage of psychosocial development.
A trusting infant expects the world to be good and gratifying. As a result, he or she feels confident about exploring the world and is well prepared for toddlerhood. In contrast, a mistrustful child cannot count on kindness and care from others, so he or she will likely withdraw.
100
what 2 things have to be normal for heredity to predict a baby's height and weight development rate?
diet and health. As long as environmental influences such as poor nutrition or illness are not severe, children and adolescence show catch up growth, by returning to their genetically determined growth path, once conditions improve.
100
what is an example of operant and classical conditioning between parents and babies (Pavlov(classical), Skinner(operant).
Classical conditioning would occur when a mother associates rubbing a child's head with nursing. The conditioned stimulus of rubbing the head, will eventually result in a conditioned response to nurse. Whenever the mother rubs the child's head she will want to nurse. Operant conditioning would occur by placing a mobile in a babies crib that allows them to kick and tests their memory.
200
what is kangaroo care and what are some benefits to it?
maximum skin to skin contact between child and child minutes after birth and up to first feeding. This is meant to encourage attachment and bonding due to the baby's familiarity with womb- like stimuli, such as the mother's heartbeat and warmth.
200
what is the connection between schemes, adaptation, assimilation, and accommodation?
schemes are organized ways of making sense of experiences. adaptations involve building schemes through direct interaction with the environment. Assimilation uses schemes to interpret the external world, and during accommodation we create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that our current ones don't fully capture our environment
200
explain the autonomy versus doubt stage of Erikson's psychosocial development theory
An autonomous toddler is not criticized by his/her parents for failing at a new skill, but treated with tolerance and understanding. His/her parent has reasonable expectations and promotes a healthy sense of individuality. In contrast, a shameful child may constantly doubt his/her ability to complete new challenges, because he/she was demeaned by a parental figure after failing to complete an independent task.
200
what is intermodal perception
making sense of running streams of light , sound, tactile, odor, and taste information, perceiving them as integrated wholes.
200
what is an activity that build fine motor skills , and one that build gross motor skills?
fine= soccer gross=drawing
300
what are the 2 fine motor skills that that play the greatest role in infant cognitive development? how do these motions evolve?
Reaching and grasping! By grasping things, turning them over, and seeing what happens when they are released, babies learn about sights, sounds, and touch. Newborns pre-reach with uncoordinated swoops, 3-4 month olds have an ulnar grasp in which finger encloses with palm, 4-5 month olds transfer objects from hand to hand, and 9 month olds have a pincer grasp using a well coordinated thumb and index finger.
300
What is information processing, and the general structure of the system?
Information processing focuses on aspects of thinking from attention, memory, and categorization skills to complex problem solving. It aims to know what individuals of different ages do when faced with a task or problem. In the sensory register stage, sights and sounds are represented directly and stored briefly. In the short term memory, we retain attended-to information briefly so we can actively "work" on it to reach our goals. Working memory describes the number of items that can be briefly held in mind while also engaging in some effort to monitor or manipulate those items.
300
what are the basic emotions and how do toddlers manage them?
happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, and disgust. Emotional self -regulation refers to strategies toddlers use to adjust their emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity in order to accomplish goals.
300
what is the video deficit effect?
children demonstrate a poorer performance of imitation, word learning, and means-end problem solving after watching a video as opposed to a live demonstration.
300
what are examples of some toys that might support the cognitive development of a 6 month old?
squeeze toys, filling and emptying toys, blocks, pots, pans spoons, picture books with realistic color images.
400
what is brain plasticity?
the ability of regions in the cerebral cortex to take over the tasks typically handled by other parts, at stages when many areas have not yet committed to specific functions and there is a high capacity for learning.
400
what is Bandura's social learning theory, and how does it relate to joint attention?
Bandura stresses the importance of modeling and imitation in cognitive development. Joint attention describes a child attending to the same object or event as the caregiver. This contributes greatly to language development, and establishes common ground amongst caregiver and child to promote word association.
400
what is temperament, and what are the structures of temperament?
temperament is early appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self regulation. Reactivity refers to the quickness and intensity of arousal, attention, and motor activity. Self regulation refers to strategies that modify reactivity. An "easy" child is generally cheerful and adapts easily. A "difficult" child is slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely. A "slow-to-war-up" child shows mild reactions to stimuli, is negative in mood, and adjusts slowly to new experiences.
400
What are the neurobiological correlations of shyness in children?
In shy children, novel stimuli easily excite the amygdala and its connections to the cerebral cortex and sympathetic nervous system which prepares the body to act in the face of threat. In sociable children, the same amount of stimulation evokes minimal excitation
400
How can culture influence make believe play?
in cultures where sibling caregiving is common, make believe is more frequent and complex with older siblings than with mothers. For example, in Afghanistan children were observed playing "wedding", dressing the youngest as the bride.
500
what are "sensitive periods" of brain development? In contrast, how can we describe appropriate stimulation versus depravity?
The early, varied visual experiences that must occur for the brain's visual centers to develop normally. the quality of the early environment has proven to effect overall brain growth. In an appropriately stimulated environment, experience expected brain growth describes the young brain's organization that depends on ordinary opportunities to explore the environment, interact with people, and hear sounds. Experience dependent brain growth describes additional growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of learning language experiences. Children in poverty may be sensory deprived.
500
what is Vygotsky's zone of proximal development, and what teaching strategy supports this?
The zone of proximal development refers to the range of tasks that a child cannot yet handle alone, but can do with the help of a skilled partner. Scaffolding is a teaching strategy in which the adult adjusts the level of support to fit the child, and steps back to give the child more responsibility once he or she picks up on mental strategies and increases in competence.
500
what is the Thomas and Chess goodness of fit model?
Explains how temperament and the environment can together produce favorable outcomes. This involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while simultaneously encouraging adaptive functioning.
500
what is attachment and when do babies develop it? which psychologist is this linked to?
attachment is a strong affectionate tie to special people in a child's life that leads to a joyful experience during interaction, and a comfort in nearness during times of stress. By the second half-year babies have become attached to familiar people who fulfill their needs. Freud suggests that an infant's emotional tie to their mother sets the foundation for all later relationships.
500
how can couples ease the transition to parenthood?
childcare, sharing household tasks, communicating, balancing work and parenting.
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