China & Russia
This country has become Russia’s most important economic partner.
What is China?
Malware targeting computer code operates primarily in this layer of cyberspace.
What is the syntactic layer?
By 2050, about this percentage of the world’s population is expected to live in cities.
What is 75%?
OSINT stands for this.
What is Open Source Intelligence?
The intelligence cycle begins with this step.
What is planning and direction?
Russia’s resentment toward the United States is largely centered on this alliance’s expansion eastward.
What is NATO?
China’s system used to filter internet content is called this.
What is the Great Firewall?
Wirtz identified this disease as a possible future pandemic threat.
What is avian flu?
Reverse image searching is an example of this type of investigative technique.
What is OSINT?
This intelligence discipline relies primarily on intercepted communications.
What is SIGINT?
China’s “Three Warfares” include media warfare, legal warfare, and this type of warfare.
What is psychological warfare?
This country views cyber operations as a form of “reflexive control.”
What is Russia?
Climate change demonstrates the difficulty of achieving this type of international action.
What is collective global action?
Analysts compare landmarks, terrain, and buildings to perform this process.
What is geolocation?
This intelligence discipline relies on satellite and aerial imagery.
What is GEOINT/IMINT?
Since Mao’s death, China has increasingly focused on this policy to expand its economy.
What is economic reform and opening up?
More than half of cyber operations fall into this category.
What is espionage/intelligence collection?
This region is the only one still expected to experience net population growth.
What is Sub-Saharan Africa?
Finding when an image or video was taken is known as this.
What is chronolocation?
Analysts should avoid this cognitive bias that favors evidence supporting existing beliefs.
What is confirmation bias?
This region of Africa has become strategically important to Russia because instability there can increase migration pressure on Europe.
What is the Sahel?
North Korea funds parts of its military through this type of cybercrime.
What are cryptocurrency thefts/heists?
According to Wirtz, population growth rates have generally been doing this since peaking in the 1960s.
What is declining?
Analysts should always verify information using this before reaching conclusions.
What are multiple independent sources?
Name two common pitfalls when evaluating evidence.
Vividness weighting, trusting hearsay, weighing evidence based on source rather than content, premature closure, or overreliance on expert opinion.