Urbanization
These large, often planned settlements first emerged about 7,000 years ago.
What are Cities?
Coined by Jane Jacobs, this phrase describes how urban communities can both be a convivial places for residents and reduce crime.
What are "eyes on the street"?
This 1909 plan set the standard for what a plan should entail.
What was the Plan of Chicago?
The type of power that allows municipalities to zone to ensure the health, safety + public welfare of its citizens.
What is Police Power?
A toll road or bridge, an airport, and a municipal parking lot are all examples of this type of bond.
What is a Revenue Bond?
This more recent form of zoning is more restrictive on design, but less restrictive with use.
What are Form-Based Codes?
These two things have exponentially increased since the industrial revolution.
What are the human population and carbon emissions?
This American writer popularized the idea of the Garden City in the US, and wrote the narration for the 1939 doc. The City.
Who was Lewis Mumford?
This Corbusian-inspired housing project in St. Louis was demolished in the mid-1970s, only about 20 years after it opened.
What was Pruitt-Igoe?
This US Supreme Court case established the constitutionality of zoning.
What is Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Corporation.
This type of zoning allows increased densities if developers include affordable housing options or other amenities
What is Bonus or Incentive Zoning?
This early planner's most famous quote was "Make no little plans. They have no magic to stir men's blood"
Who was Daniel Burnham?
Developers and states may lay this geometric pattern over land because it facilitates easy sales and taxation.
What is a Grid?
This famous landscape architect designed New York's Central Park, the town of Riverside outside of Chicago, and the main park ground for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, among many more.
Who was Frederick Law Olmsted?
This federal policy displaced approximately 2 million people, and built less than half the number of homes demolished by the program.
What was Urban Renewal?
This rule states that "substates" can only do what is specified by state legislation.
What is Dillon's Rule?
This type of zoning mandates that a developer include affordable housing options in order for development to be approved
What is Inclusionary Zoning?
This Settlement House movement leader founded the Hull House in Chicago to help the city's burgeoning immigrant population.
Who was Jane Addams?
Some scholars argue the wealth European societies gained in the 1600s onward from this exploitation of natural resources and people funded the industrial revolution.
What is Colonization?
He believed that older cities should be leveled to build the new Radiant City where residential and office towers were set amid giant parks.
Who was Le Corbusier?
The National Mall in DC & the surrounding buildings are an example of this early planning movement.
What is City Beautiful?
This rule states that "substates" can do anything, planning wise, as long as it is not prohibited by state legislation.
What is Home Rule?
This is arguably the most significant municipal strategy for shaping its pattern of development.
What are Public Capital Investments?
This type of zoning allows for units to be built on smaller lots in closer proximity.
What is Cluster Zoning?
These authors argue that since many large early cities have no signs of temples or palaces, “urban life does not, necessarily, imply any particular form of political organization.”
Who are Graeber & Wengrow?
This early Houser argued that that housing needed to be treated as a public utility and framed as for "us," rather than the deserving poor.
Who was Catherine Bauer?
Approximately 75% of residential land in the US is regulated exclusively for this use.
What is Single-Family Detached zoning?
This Amendment contains the "Takings Clause" that states “nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation”
What is the 5th Amendment
This zoning tool designates a sending and receiving zone to preserve rural land or historic structures from development pressures.
What are Transfer of Development Rights (TDR)?
This early planner was behind New York City's tenement reforms, but rejected any state support for public housing.
Who was Lawrence Veiller?