FUNDAMENTALS
An offender with three qualifying felonies can be sentenced to 25 years to life in prison under this law
What is the three strikes law?
Judge-made law, rules, practices and guidelines
What common law?
Study (explanations) of criminal behavior
What is criminology?
Some limitations of the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
What are police agency reporting to the FBI is voluntary, there is only comprehensive informaiton about eight offenses, attempted crimes are combined with completed crimes, the hierarchy rule?
The study of duty to act; the focus on is whether there was a duty to act
What is deontology?
Philosophical theory that people implicitly consent to government control
What is Locke's theory of implied consent (consensus theory)?
The doctrine that binds courts of equal or lesser levels within a jurisdiction to the principles established by higher appellate courts within the same jurisdiction.
What is stare decises?
Theory suggesting that criminal behavior occurs when social controls, such as family, break down?
What is the social control theory?
Data from this system divides crime into three categories—crimes against persons, crimes against property, and crimes against society—and does not use the hierarchy rule.
What is the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS)?
The receipt of some benefit either for free or for a reduced price
What are gratuities?
The model of the criminal justice process that presumes defendants are innocent and courts' first priority is protecting the constitutional rights of the accused.
What is the due process model?
The party who is bringing a civil lawsuit against someone.
Who is the plaintiff?
The theory that suggests that crime occurs after an individual weighs the risk and benefits of the act.
What is the deterrence theory?
Crime measurement tool that asks respondents (participants) to report crime experiences that occurred within the last 6 months
What is the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?
An officer on patrol who sees a contractor illegally dumping trash and accepts a monetary "tip" from the contractor as part of an agreement not to make an arrest
What is a grass-eater?
The model of the criminal justice process that presumes defendants are guilty and courts should not interfere with law enforcement
What is the crime control model?
Beyond a reasonable doubt
What is the standard of proof for criminal prosecutions?
School of thought which is based in the presumption that all people are rational and have the capacity to engage in criminal acts.
What is the main philosophy of the Classical School?
The crime measurement tool that was created to address issues related to (victim) non-reporting/underreporting.
What is the NCVS?
Term used to describe instances when an officer misuses his/her authority for the purpose of personal gain for the officer or others
What is corruption?
Making decisions based on professional expertise, and objective contextual factors.
What is discretion?
Processes such as obtaining search and arrest warrants, reading the accused his/her Miranda warnings, and appointing an attorney for those accused who cannot afford their own.
What are examples of procedural law?
School of thought that presumes crime is a product of factors outside of a person's control (social, biological, psychological influences)
What is the positivist school?
The rule that only requires police departments to report the most serious offense(s) that occurred during a criminal incident
What is the hierarchy rule?
The idea that a small (deviant) first step can lead to more serious behaviors.
What is the "slippery slope" concept?