Philosophers
Associated with Utilitarianism
John Stuart Mill
An intellectual commitment and a political movement that seeks justice for women and the end of sexism in all forms.
Feminism
Kantian idea about duties of justice that we always ought to do or that we always ought to avoid.
Perfect Duties
Attitude or practice of interpreting the world from a perspective that focuses primarily on European interests, values, and history.
Eurocentric
The factual or descriptive claim that there are different ideas about values.
Descriptive Ethical Relativism
Critique of “bourgeois morality” as the product of a certain strand of European thinking.
Karl Marx
A theory of law that is grounded in claims about nature; natural law ethics is a normative theory that holds that reason can discover objective ethical norms by examining natural human functions.
Natural Law Theory
The Kantian idea about duties of virtue that are admirable and praiseworthy but not always necessary.
Imperfect Duties
Holds that people usually or always act for their own narrow and short-range self-interest.
Psychological Egoism
Holds that there are no universal or objective norms (or that human beings cannot know such objective values).
Metaethical Relativism
Proponent of Prima Facie Duties
W.D. Ross
An ethical theory that says actions are good or bad according to a clear set of rules - concerned with duty
Deontology
Immanuel Kant’s basic moral principle.
The Categorical Imperative
The belief that only I should act from the motive of self-interest, nothing is stated about what motivates others to act.
Personal Ethical Egoism
The idea that ethical claims are relative to a social or cultural matrix.
Cultural Relativism
Associated with the Social Contract
Thomas Hobbes
Theory of morality that derives duty or moral obligation from what is good or desirable as an end to be achieved.
Teleological Ethics
Act only on that maxim that you can will as a universal law.
The First form of categorical imperative
The prescriptive doctrine that all persons should serve my self-interest (i.e.,egotism)
Individual Egoism
What is morally right for one just depends on what his or her society holds is right.
Strong Relativism
Proponent of laissez-faire capitalism.
Adam Smith
“We hold these truths to be self-evident…. ” is an example of ____
Natural Law
Always treat humanity, whether in your own person or that of another, never simply as a means but always at the same time as an end.
The Second form of the categorical imperative
The universal doctrine that all persons should pursue their own interests exclusively.
Universal Egoism
Argues that there are multiple and conflicting goods in the world, which cannot be reduced to some other good.
Value Pluralism