Women's Health
Name 1 reason why women's health should have separate funding.
biological differences, different health outcomes of concern, current health knowledge based on men, disparities is social determinants (e.g. SES, health care access)
Name two of the three types of managed care.
Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)
Preferred Provider Organization (PPO)
Point of Service (POS)
Name two sources of indoor air pollution.
Radon gas
Carbon monoxide
Wood burning stove
Smoke
Mold
Chemicals in household items
Pesticides
Name two chronic health impacts of stress on an individual.
Increased risk for:
CVD & related conditions (High BP, High Cholesterol)
Poor Diabetes Management
Mental Illness
Insomnia, other sleep disorders
Cancer (weak evidence for cause; but being stressed progresses disease)
Aging, Premature death
What is: the conditions in the environments in which people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age?
Social Determinants of Health
Name 1 state level policy change as a result of the #MeToo movement.
starting to ban non-disclosure agreements that cover sexual harassment; introducing more protections for workers; ending tipped minimum wage
Name 3 of the 5 subtypes of health insurance.
Employer-based
Medicaid
Medicare
Direct-purchase
Military coverage
What two federal legislation was passed in the 1970's that helped to protect our drinking water, lakes/rivers, and air quality?
Clean Water Act
Clean Air Act
Name two ways sleep loss impacts decision making.
Inability to process complex data streams
Impaired ability to weigh risks and benefits
Impaired ability to discern “good” info from “bad”
Decreased ability to make long-term decisions
Not all effects fixed with stimulants
Name two ways that the US has attempted to control healthcare costs.
Limit new facilities and technology
Managed care
Price controls
Name 2 ways the ACA has supported women's health.
decreased # uninsured women; expanded preventative services (screenings, birth control); no cost-sharing for preventative services under medicare and some plans; maternity care is an essential service;
Overall, 5.8% (but the uninsured rate has slightly increased between 2016 and 2018)
Which is NOT an example of an acute chemical exposure?
unintentional poisoning, air contaminants from September 11th, Arsenic
Arsenic
Name two direct effects from engaging in physical activity.
reduces insulin resistance
reduces inflammation
stimulates the release of growth factors—chemicals in the brain that make brain cells healthier & encourages new growth
the growth of new blood vessels in the brain
stimulates endorphins- “runner’s high”
Name a model used to describe health behavior that we discussed in class.
Social-Ecological Model
Health Belief Model
Transtheoretical Model
Name 4 of the WHO's top women's health issues.
Cancer; Reproductive Health; Maternal health; HIV; Sexually Transmitted Infections; Violence against Women; Mental Health; Non-communicable Diseases; Being young; Getting older
Children can stay on parents’ insurance plan until age 26
Many preventive services free to insured patients
Medicare prescription drug coverage more affordable
States can opt to receive federal funds for expansion of Medicaid programs to uninsured
Individual mandate (no longer required)
Cannot deny coverage for pre-existing conditions
10 essential services
Minimum coverage requirements for a plan to count
No lifetime limits on health coverage
Limits on how much insurance companies can spend on administrative costs
Provide two pieces of evidence that climate change exists. This must be based on evidence presented in class or in the textbook.
Increased heavy precipitation-nine of top 10 years for extreme one-day precipitation events have occurred since 1990
Since 1901, the average surface temperature across the contiguous 48 states has risen 1.4°F (8 of the top 10 warmest years on record for US have occurred since 1998; In the US, 2000-2009 had twice as many record highs as record lows)
Some climate-linked diseases have expanded the geographic regions where they are found (e.g. vectorborne diseases)
What are the three components of how stress occurs?
Environmental component: Environment is not meeting important need (e.g. threat or major life transition); a change in resources or status
Mental component: Appraisal of Situation and potential harm/threat and Appraisal of coping ability
Emotional component: The unpleasant feeling that accompany the appraisal
What are the top three ACTUAL causes of death in the US?
Tobacco
Poor diet and physical activity
Alcohol consumption
Name 2 ways Mozambique worked to address its high maternal morbidity and mortality rates.
Train skilled medical workers (not licensed physicians) to perform medical procedures to increase access to maternal care
Program to prevent mother-to-infant HIV transmission
Under what conditions can federal funds be utilized to pay for an abortion?
Rape, incest, mother's life is in jeopardy
What is a Superfund site?
Sites identified to be a part of the Federal government's program to clean up the nation's uncontrolled hazardous waste sites
What is the name of the condition which can result from persistent stress?
General Adaptation Syndrome. This is the three-stage process that describes the physiological changes the body goes through when under stress (alarm, resistance/cope, exhaustion). This can lead to profound changes in body organs and function (e.g. ulcers, gastrointestinal illness)
What is the Fairness Doctrine (related to tobacco regulation)?
Tobacco companies were required to balance their marketing ads with PSAs.