Any judicial figure authorized to issue a warrant.
What is a magistrate?
100
Focuses attention on the official labeler as well as the deviant and assumes that labeling creates secondary deviance.
What is labeling theory?
100
The first 10 amendments to the Constitution; as written, they only protect citizens against violations by federal officers, but not by state or local agents of the law.
What is the Bill of Rights?
100
Lying in affidavits or when giving testimony to convict a criminal.
What is testilying?
100
This 1966 case had a significant impact on law enforcement in the United States with the implementation of rights as part of routine police procedure to ensure that suspects are informed of their rights.
What is Miranda v. Arizona?
200
Criminal state of mind (with purpose, knowing, reckless, negligent)
What is mens rea?
200
Theory that criminals rationally choose criminal action because of immediate rewards.
What is rational choice theory?
200
Protects citizens against intrusion by government agents into one's private home or papers.
What is the Fourth Amendment?
200
The first type of organized police force that began in 1748 by Magistrate Henry Fielding in London.
What are the Bow Street Runners?
200
In this 1968 case the courts decided that cops are able to stop and frisk someone with reasonable suspicion but WITHOUT probable cause to arrest.
What is Terry v. Ohio?
300
The basic belief that controlling crime and punishing the criminal is the most important goal of the criminal justice system.
What is crime control ideology?
300
Theory that assumes crime occurs where social supports (both emotional and concrete) are absent.
What is social support theory?
300
Gives us the right to be silent when accused of a crime.
What is the Fifth Amendment?
300
A model of policing based on a belief that police should join with communities to prevent and reduce crime; programs include community members assisting in crime prevention efforts.
What is community policing?
300
This 1961 case ensured that Fourth Amendment protections now apply when a search is being conducted by city police officers (not just federal law enforcement agents).
What is Mapp v.Ohio?
400
The number of crimes divided by the population and then multiplied to display by a standard number (usually 100,000)
What is crime rate?
400
States that crime occurs when there are signs of neighborhood disintegration and deterioration indicating to criminals that no one cares and no one will intervene.
What is broken windows theory (of crime)?
400
The due process clause (states that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law) appears in these 2 amendments.
What is the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments?
400
This sociologist offered the principle that crime is normal and present in all societies. The absence of deviance or crime, in fact, was evidence of cultural stagnation.
Who is Emile Durkheim?
400
From this 1983 case the court created a "totality of circumstance" test in regards to tips from informants.
What is Illinois v. Gates?
500
Bentham's idea that punishment should be adjusted to slightly outweigh the perceived pleasure of profit from crime in order to deter people.
What is hedonistic calculus?
500
Hirschi's theory that delinquents are not controlled by bonds to society, specifically attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.
What is control theory?
500
This amendment was the basis for the incorporation of some of the protections from the 1st, 4th, 5th, 6th and 8th Amendments to citizens who may be faced with actions by state or local government agents.
What is the Fourteenth Amendment?
500
A crime that does not find its way into official numbers.
What is a dark figure of crime?
500
In this 1973 case the Supreme Court decided that if the offender was predisposed to commit the crime, then it did not matter what the government did and entrapment had not occurred.