Two genes that control the same trait are referred to as ________.
Alleles.
100
________ is the division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates our interactions with the external environment. _________ is the division of the PNS that regulates out interactions with the internal environment.
Somatic, Autonomic
100
What types of neurotransmitters DECREASE the neuron's resting membrane potential?
Excitatory neurotransmitters.
100
Grooming, swimming, eating and drinking are examples of _________.
Species-specific behaviors.
100
Define biopsychology
The study of the biology of behavior.
200
What are the three factors that influence behavior in any given situation?
Genetics, environment, & perception of the current situation.
200
Where are synaptic contacts from other neurons typically received?
Dendrites.
200
What are the factors that act to distribute ions EQUALLY throughout the intracellular and extracellular fluid of the CNS?
1. Random motion (i.e., moving down the concentration gradient).
2. Electrostatic pressure (i.e., moving down the electrostatic gradient).
200
What advantage does TMS offer in contrast to the other research methods that we discussed?
By directly manipulating brain areas, we can get at questions concerning CAUSALITY.
200
What is the collaborative process by which scientists from different divisions come together to solve problems?
Convergent operations.
300
Questions that arose during the Human Genome Project inspired the development of what new field?
Epigenetics.
300
From inferior to superior (or ventral to dorsal in the 4-legged vertebrate), name the 3 meninges that protect the CNS.
Pia mater, arachnoid membrane, dura mater.
300
Name three fates of a neurotransmitter once it has been released into the synapse.
Reception, reuptake, degradation, getting taken up for storage by glial cells, etc.
300
If we're interested in the type of eye movements someone is making, we might do an _____________.
Electrooculagram
300
Which division of biopsychology would be most likely to use electroencephalogram (EEG) in a study?
Psychophysiology.
400
The notion that some psychological phenomena are too complex to be a product of brain activity is a misconception. What are two lines of evidence supporting this?
1. Complex behaviors can be produced by damage to the brain (e.g., loss of awareness after parietal lobe damage).
2. Non-human animals have been demonstrated to display complex "human" behaviors (e.g., self-awarness).
400
From posterior to anterior, name the give divisions of the adult, human brain.
_____ mV is the neuron's resting membrane potential. The neuron fires at _____ mV.
-70, -65.
400
In MRI, we learn about __________, whereas in PET, we learn about __________.
Structure, activity.
400
What are the three dimensions along which research in biopsychology are characterized?
1. Subjects (Humans vs. non-human animals)
2. Methods (Experiments vs. quasiexperiments/case studies)
3. Whether the research is pure or applied
500
The proportion of variability that occurred in a particular trait, in a particular study, as a result of the genetic variation in that study is referred to as an __________.
Heritability estimate.
500
___________ myelinate nerve cells in the CNS, whereas ___________ myelinate nerve cells in the PNS.
Oligodendrocites, Schwann cells
500
Hyperpolarization of the neuron that occurs AFTER the neuron has fired an action potential is the result of what ion channels slowly closing?
Potassium (K+).
500
MRI allows for good ___________ resolution but poor ___________ resolution, whereas fMRI allows for good _________ resolution and poor ________ resolution.
Spatial, temporal; Temporal, spatial
500
The birth of the field of biopsychology is sometimes traced to Hebb's "Organization of Behavior," in which it was first claimed that _______________.
Some of the most complex psychological phenomena that humans are capable of are the product of brain activity alone.