Energy and Metabolism
What requires an input of energy to synthesize complex molecules form simpler ones
Anabolic pathways
A reactions delta G can be
Negative and Positive
What is ATP composed of ?
A nucleotide, five carbon sugar , and three phosphate groups.
What is cellular respiration?
The process by which cells produce energy from carbohydrates.
What is Glycolysis?
is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism
The measure of randomness of disorder within a system is known as ___
Entropy
List all the types of energy discussed.
Potential, Kinetic, Free, thermal , activation
Where does the citric acid cycle take place?
The Matrix of mitochondria
When electrons are added to a compound, the compound is ____
Reduced
What is pyruvate?
6 carbon ring-shaped structure of a single glucose molecule, and ends with two molecules of a three-carbon sugar
The more order a system, the lower its _____
Entropy
When an airplane flies through the air, it loses some of its energy as ____ due to friction with the surrounding air.
heat energy
After glycolysis, pyruvate is oxidized to produce carbon dioxide, NADH, and a molecule that contains 2 of the 3 carbons from the pyruvate.
Acetyl CoA
Explain how ATP is used by cells as an energy source
When ATP is broken down, usually by the removal of its terminal phosphate, energy is released
10. Glycolysis converts
a) Glucose into pyruvate
b) Glucose into phosphoenolpyruvate
c) Fructose into pyruvate
d) Fructose into phosphoenolpyruvate
A) Glucose into pyruvate
Every chemical reaction involves a change in _____ called _____
1. free energy
2. Delta G
Give an example of Kinetic and Potential Energy
Potential Energy -when a rubber band is stretched and waiting to be released
Kinetic Energy - moving a skateboard
What is another name for the citric acid cycle?
Krebs’s cycle
What is oxidation and reduction?
What are the outcomes of Glycolosis
Beginning with glucose glycolysis produce 2 pyruvate molecules 4 new atp molecules and two molcules of NADH
Describe the first and second law of dynamics
First Laws : the total amount of energy is constant it can not be created or destroyed
Second Law : Every energy transfer involves some loss of energy resulting in a disordered system
Explain Exergonic and Endergonic reactions.
Exergonic reactions are spontaneous because their products have less energy than their reactants. Endergonic reactions' products have a higher energy state than the reactants, and so these are nonspontaneous reactions.
What are the steps of the conversion of pyruvate
Step 1: a carbonyl group is removed from pyruvate releasing a molecule of carbon dioxide into the surrounding medium creating a 2 carbon hydroxyethyl group bound to the enzyme
Step 2: the hydroxethyl group is oxidized to an acetyl group and the electrons are picked up by nad+ forming nadh, the high energy from nadh will be used later to generate ATP
Step 3 : The enzyme bound acetyl group is tranferred to CoA producing the molecule acetyl CoA
Discuss the importance of lectfrons in the transfer of energy in living systems
The transfer of electrons between molecules via oxidation and reduction is important because most of the energy stored in atoms is in the form of high-energy electrons; it is this energy that is used to fuel cellular functions.
Where does glycolysis takes place?
Cytoplasm