Europe before the 1700s
A city-state in eastern Greece, was the world’s first democracy.
What is Athens?
The movement of people, animals, plants, diseases, and ideas between Europe and the Americas in the 1400s and 1500s.
What is the Columbian Exchange?
The region’s climate is also one of its most valuable resources. The mild climate is ideal for growing a variety of crops, from citrus fruits and grapes to olives and wheat.
What is the Mediterranean?
A large plain across central and northern Europe; provides the region’s best farmland.
What is the Northern European Plain?
This area of Europe is home to dozens of cultures, each with its own unique customs. These nations have troubled histories and abroad range of physical geography, cultures, and challenges.
Octavian alone ruled the entire Roman world as Rome’s first emperor. As emperor, Octavian was given this new name which means “honored one.”
Who is Augustus?
An English philosopher, had a major influence on Enlightenment thinking about the role of government. Thought government should be a contract between a ruler and the people.
Who is John Locke?
These dozens of sculptures from the Parthenon and other temples in Athens were transported to London. The entire collection was soon placed in the British Museum for public display.
What are the Elgin Marbles?
A region of Northern Europe that includes the Scandinavian Peninsula, Iceland, Greenland, and Denmark.
What is Scandinavia?
These countries, referred to by their group name, and Poland all still feel the effects of decades of Soviet rule. The economies of all four countries suffered because the Soviets did not build a decent infrastructure. Today, these countries are working to rebuild and strengthen their economies.
What are the Baltic Republics?
The society that developed in the eastern Roman Empire after the west fell. The center was the city of Constantinople.
What is the Byzantine Empire?
The period of rapid growth in machine-made goods that changed the way people in Europe worked and lived; it began in Britain in the 1700s
What is the Industrial Revolution?
In the 1800s nationalism led many of this country's people to work to unify their country. Camillo di Cavour, the leader of Sardinia, gained power over much of the north, while Giuseppe Garibaldi took control of the south. In 1861 the two men united their lands and Italy became a united kingdom.
What is Italy?
Lands reclaimed from the sea. The Dutch have long used technology to modify their natural environment. For hundreds of years, they have been “creating” land by reclaiming it from the sea.
What are Polders?
Much of the ground is called this, or permanently frozen soil. Russia’s northern coast is tundra. Winters are dark and bitterly cold, and the brief summers are cool.
What is permafrost?
A religious war in which Christians tried to retake the Holy Land (the region where Jesus lived, preached, and died) from Muslim Turks. This included Palestine and the city of Jerusalem.
What are the Crusades?
The Nazis’ effort to wipe out the Jewish people in World War II, when 6 million Jews throughout Europe were killed. Believing that the Germans were a superior race, the Nazis tried to destroy people who they believed were inferior, especially the Jews.
What is the Holocaust?
A large peninsula in Southern Europe; Spain and Portugal are located there.
What is Iberia or the Iberian peninsula?
This sea's energy reserves have made the United Kingdom a major producer of oil and natural gas.
What is the North Sea?
A radical Russian Communist group that seized power in 1917 during the Russian Revolution. They then killed the czar and his family. In 1922 they formed a new country, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), or the Soviet Union.
Who are the Bolsheviks?
The revival of European art and literature at the end of the Middle Ages; It lasted from about 1350 through the 1500s; It is French for “rebirth.”
What is the Renaissance?
A period of distrust between the United States and Soviet Union after World War II, when there was a tense rivalry between the two superpowers but no direct fighting.
What is the Cold War?
These people of the Pyrenees have their own language, which is not related to either Spanish or Portuguese. They also have their own customs and traditions, unlike those of the rest of Spain. As a result, many of them have long wanted to form their own independent country.
Who are the Basque?
Scandinavian warriors who raided Europe in the early Middle Ages.
Who are the Vikings?
This country formed after World War I. As a result, people from many ethnic groups—Serbs, Montenegrins, Bosnians, Croats, Slovenes, and Macedonians—lived together in one country. Each group had its own republic, or self-governed area, in the new country. The nation broke apart in the 1990s due to conflict between different groups.
What is Yugoslavia?