A1.1 Water
This weak intermolecular attraction occurs between neighbouring water molecules.
What are hydrogen bonds?
This is the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
What is osmosis?
This monosaccharide is the main respiratory substrate in cells.
What is glucose?
These biological molecules act as catalysts in cells.
What are enzymes?
This structure forms the basic framework of cell membranes.
What is the phospholipid bilayer?
This molecule is known as the energy currency of the cell.
What is ATP?
This process converts light energy into chemical energy.
What is photosynthesis?
This property of water allows transport through xylem due to attraction between water molecules.
What is cohesion?
This property allows water molecules to stick to each other.
What is cohesion?
This type of solution has a higher solute concentration than another solution.
What is a hypertonic solution?
This polysaccharide stores glucose in animals.
What is glycogen?
This region of an enzyme binds the substrate.
What is the active site?
These proteins provide rapid water transport across membranes.
What are aquaporins?
This stage of respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and produces pyruvate.
What is glycolysis?
This process splits water molecules during the light-dependent reactions.
What is photolysis?
These membrane proteins are directly involved in ATP production in both respiration and photosynthesis.
What is ATP synthase?
This property explains why water can dissolve many ionic and polar substances.
What is polarity (or being dipolar)?
This happens to a plant cell placed in a hypertonic solution.
What is plasmolysis?
This structural polysaccharide forms plant cell walls.
What is cellulose?
This model proposes that enzyme shape changes slightly during substrate binding.
What is the induced fit model?
This transport process moves substances against their concentration gradient using ATP.
What is active transport?
This cyclical pathway occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
What is the Krebs cycle?
This enzyme catalyses carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle.
What is Rubisco?
This process occurs in both mitochondria and chloroplasts and uses proton gradients to generate ATP.
What is chemiosmosis?
High values of this physical property allow aquatic habitats to resist rapid temperature change.
What is specific heat capacity?
This equation combines solute potential and pressure potential.
What is Ψw = Ψs + Ψp?
This reaction joins monomers together while releasing water.
What is a condensation reaction?
This minimum energy needed for reactions is lowered by enzymes.
What is activation energy?
This model describes membranes as dynamic layers containing moving proteins.
What is the fluid mosaic model?
This process uses proton flow through ATP synthase to generate ATP.
What is chemiosmosis?
This structure contains the electron transport chain and photosystems.
What are thylakoid membranes?
This molecule is both a product of photosynthesis and the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.
What is oxygen?
This term describes the orbital region where liquid water may exist around a star.
What is the Goldilocks zone?
This positive pressure develops in plant cells as water enters by osmosis.
What is turgor pressure?
This term describes molecules containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
What is amphipathic?
This type of inhibition occurs when the end product inhibits an earlier enzyme in a pathway.
What is feedback inhibition?
These junctions allow direct communication between adjacent animal cells.
What are gap junctions?
This molecule acts as the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.
What is oxygen?
This process produces ATP using light energy and proton gradients in chloroplasts.
What is photophosphorylation?
These reactions build complex molecules such as glycogen, cellulose, and lipids from smaller molecules.
What are anabolic reactions?