General Knowledge
Clinical Findings and Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
100
These two conditions are present early in lactation and are required to acheive a negative energy balance.
What are adipose mobilization and high glucose demand?
100
These are the first two and most common clinical signs observed by a ketotic cow.
What are loss of appetite and decreased milk production over several days?
100
The best means of detecting and monitoring subclinical ketosis.
What is B-hydroxybutyrate concentrations?
100
Treatment of ketosis is aimed at these two results.
What are normoglycemia and the reduction of ketone body concentrations?
100
Cows tend to decrease feed intake the last ___ weeks of gestation.
What is 3 weeks?
200
A high production dairy cow will peak in milk production at ___ weeks while her dietary intake peaks at ___ weeks, creating a negative energy balance.
What are 4 weeks and 8 weeks post-partum?
200
Dairy cows with this BCS are at increased risk of ketosis.
What are BCS >3.75 to 5?
200
Urine ketone concentrations are __ - ___ times blood concentrations.
What is 2-20 times?
200
This treatment for ketosis typically allows for rapid recovery for type I ketosis, however transient recovery occurs, typically 2 hours later and with relapses are common.
What is IV bolus of 500ml 50% dextrose?
200
What type of approach should be taken when introducing concentrate to late gestation and early lactation cows?
What is a stepwise approach?
300
Adipose mobilization is accompanied by high blood serum concentrations of this...
What are NEFA (nonesterified fatty acids)?
300
Any disease condition that results in a decreased dietary intake causing secondary ketosis.
What is ingested ketones (silage containing high amounts of butyric acid), displaced abomasum, metritis, mastitis, traumatic reticuloperitonitis, (listeriosis, rabies, acute lead poisoning=ddx for neuro signs), grain overload, laminitis, hypocalcemia...?
300
Three other clinical pathological findings one can observe with a cow that has ketosis.
What are increased AST ans SDH; hypoglycemia, hypomagnesemia; hypocalcemia...?
300
This drug is commonly given in conjunction with IV dextrose administration to help prolong the subsequent hyperglycemia. How does it work?
What is dexamethasone? It acts to decrease tissue uptake of glucose.
300
A high prevalence of clinical/ and or subclinical ketosis would necessitate the investigation of this.
What is nutritional/feeding program for the herd?
400
During ketosis the majority of ketone synthesis occurs in this organ during times of gluconeogenesis. Although it is insignificant during clinical ketosis it also occurs in this organ as well.
What is the liver and rumen wall?
400
The condition created secondary to over-conditioned cattle who enter into a negative energy demand resulting in ketone formation and utilization as their primary energy source.
What is Type 2 Ketosis?
400
This diagnostic test is convienent, detects ketones in milk, is low-cost and is comparable to blood BHB testing when screening herds for subclinical ketosis.
What is Keto-Test/Ketolac?
400
Overdoes of propylene glycol will lead to the following clinical signs.
What are CNS depression, diarrhea, decreased rumen motility, depletion of rumen microflora?
400
This is the ideal window to test lactating cows for subclinical ketosis.
What is 50-60 days in milk?
500
Cattle tend to form these three common ketone bodies during ketosis.
What are Beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, acetone?
500
This is known as primary or spontaneous ketosis which is caused by a negative energy demand leading to decreased glucose and subsequent increasing fat mobilization = ketone body accumulation and utilization as a primary energy source.
What is Type 1 Ketosis?
500
A diagnosis of clinical ketosis is determined by these three indications.
What are clinical signs, increased prevalence of risk factors, and ketones present in blood, milk or urine?
500
Less commonly performed in the field, the ideal treatment for ketosis in a valuable animal would be.
What is IV CRI glucose.
500
Three steps to the prevention and control of ketosis on dairy farms.
What are nutritional management to promote good BCS, maintain and promote adequate feed intake during early lactation, and provide highly palatable feed with the appropriate energy density.
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