Theories/Basic Terms
includes methods that involve manipulating the environment (such as reorganizing the physical or social environment) or consequences to a behavior.
behavioral approach
intervention procedures that are implemented as a consequence of an inappropriate behavior in order to decrease the future frequency of occurrence of that inappropriate behavior.
Corrective methods
This is a positive way to decrease inappropriate behavior by reinforcing an appropriate behavior
Differential reinforcement (DR)
given without an antecedent behavior. The student does not have to participate or even respond appropriately to instruction
Example: class points are given for just being present in class
Non-contingent Rewards
Deliberate effort to help others understand, care about, and act on core ethical values.
character education
Process that involves both the science and art of systematically applying evidence-based prevention and intervention techniques to enhance the probability that another person or group will develop socially acceptable behaviors as well as develop self-discipline, responsibility, self-direction, and character in order to create
an environment that is conducive to learning.
behavior management
when two people talk face-to-face with each other about a problem behavior.
Direct discussion
reinforcing a behavior that is an alternative to the problem behavior
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)
earned for attending & responding to instructions
Example: when a student who is passive, noncompliant, & has not participated in class begins to participate in part of the warm-up exercises, immediately reinforced with verbal praise for completing some of the warm-up exercises.
Engagement Contingent Rewards
Focus on the development of self-concept, interpersonal relationships, personal and social responsibility, and other qualities of good character; requires understanding the psychological or underlying causes of behavior, developing a trusting relationship with the participants, and teaching self-control.
humanistic approach
Method based on the premise that behavior is not merely environmental, but is often related to biological variables such as genetic abnormalities, neurological impairments, chemical imbalances, and diet.
biophysical approach
a term that describes methods implemented to decrease the future occurrence of inappropriate behaviors; it can also mean suffering, pain, or loss that serves as retribution or severe, rough, or disastrous treatment.
Punishment
using reinforcement when a problem behavior occurs less often than a specified amount during a specified time
Differential reinforcement of a low rate of behavior (DRL)
earned for completing the entire task.
Example: “If you run & complete the mile you can then shoot baskets.” Premack principle (Lavay, French, & Henderson, 2006).
Completion Contingent Rewards
Process in which a person compares his or her behavior to a set of criteria (i.e., rubric) and then makes a judgment as to whether a behavior meets the criteria or not.
self-evaluation
Repeated exposure to purposeful attempts to injure or inflict discomfort and pain on another person through words, physical contact, gestures, or exclusion from a group.
Bullying
Use of physical force with the intention of causing a person to experience pain, but not injury, for the purpose of correction or behavior control.
corporal punishment
using reinforcement when problem behavior does not occur during a specified time
Differential Reinforcement of the Omission of Behavior (DRO)
earned for a specific level of performance that must be exhibited.
Example: performing a distance run in less time than the student ran it last week would earn a reward or just getting positive general feedback for performing would be rewarded.
Performance contingent rewards
What does TPSR stand for?
Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility
Control gained by requiring that rules or orders be obeyed and by punishing behavior that does not follow rules or orders.
discipline
this means refusing to pay attention to or disregarding
Ignoring
reinforcing a behavior that is incompatible with the problem behavior, meaning a person could not do both behaviors simultaneously
Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI)
earned after a specific level of performance is exhibited & this reward was not expected.
Example: Students could also be unexpectedly rewarded (e.g., extra time shooting baskets, selecting the music for the next activity) if they demonstrated good sportsmanship (i.e., helping another student up after he fell down; clapping for a student who scored a goal) while playing the game.
Unexpected rewards
Student-centered approach that facilitates development of personal and social responsibility in each person.
TPSR model
Focus on the development of self-concept, interpersonal relationships, personal and social responsibility, and other qualities of good character; requires understanding the psychological or underlying causes of behavior, developing a trusting relationship with the participants, and teaching self-control.
humanistic approach
withholding reinforcement when an inappropriate behavior occurs in order to decrease the occurrence of that behavior in the future
Extinction or Planned Ignoring
Reinforcement or recognitions of participants for appropriate behavior.
catch them being good/also positive pinpointing
Increase desired behavior by presentation of something valued – positive consequence
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
Unifying moral concept that describes good character in sport: respect for teammates, for coaches, for the opponent, for the officials, and for the game.
sporting behavior
Proactive and evidence-based approach in developing, implementing, and evaluating student behavioral intervention plans.
positive behavioral support (PBS)
Procedure in which the opportunity to receive extrinsic reinforcement is removed or a participant is removed from a reinforcing environment for some time contingent on having committed a certain undesirable behavior.
time-out
Delayed method of reinforcement in which participants receive tokens immediately following successful performance of the desired behavior; tokens can later be exchanged for rewards.
token economy system
Increase desired behavior by presenting something unpleasant or undesired & the student wants to avoids
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
Method based on the premise that behavior is not merely environmental, but is often related to biological variables such as genetic abnormalities, neurological impairments, chemical imbalances, and diet.
biophysical approach
Program that provides a problem-solving system to prevent and modify inappropriate behavior, as well as teach and reinforce appropriate behaviors.
response to intervention: behavior (RTI:B)
Telling a participant that the behavior he or she exhibited was unacceptable and why.
verbal reprimand
Reinforcement that is provided each time the appropriate behavior occurs.
continuous reinforcement
“First – Then”
First (less preferred) Activity
Then (preferred activity)Scooter board
Premack Principle
Substance used as a means to modify behaviors caused by deficiencies in the central nervous system.
psychopharmacological medication
a term used in operant conditioning to refer to anything that increases the likelihood that a response will occur
Reinforcement
This is the withdrawal of a certain amount of extrinsic reinforcement contingent on the occurrence of an inappropriate behavior in order to decrease the future occurrence of that behavior.
Response cost
Ignoring the undesirable behavior. The withholding of reinforcement when an inappropriate behavior occurs in order to decrease the occurrence of that behavior in the future; can also be called planned ignoring.
extinction
Presentation of a highly desired reinforcer to a group based on the behavior of the group as a whole or one person.
group contingency
All players help each other & work together to reach a common goal. Everyone's efforts are accepted.
cooperative learning
Motivated to perform an activity to earn a reward or avoid punishment
Extrinsic Motivation
Motivated to perform an activity for its own sake an personal reward
Intrinsic Motivation
External recognition or support that comes from outside sources and resides outside a person, usually in the form of a reward such as a trophy or sticker.
extrinsic reinforcement
Internal, intangible feeling of accomplishment that resides internally within a person, such as taking pride in successfully completing a task.
intrinsic reinforcement
Specific types of mental and physical exercises that support stretching, stress reduction, and relaxation.
Yoga
Use of more preferred, highly reinforcing, or valued activities (e.g., shooting a basketball) that are contingent on completing less preferred activities (e.g., performing volleyball drills).
Premack principle
Words or statements such as general or specific compliments that are often used as social reinforcement.
verbal reinforcers
Technique in which an ongoing aversive stimulus is removed as a consequence of a behavior, resulting in an increase in the future occurrence of that behavior. A response or behavior is strengthened by stopping, removing, or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus.
negative reinforcement
indicators such as a smile or a high five that are often used as social reinforcement.
nonverbal reinforcers
Relaxation training method often used for reducing stress and anxiety, increasing focus, and enhancing increased self-confidence.
visual imagery
Those satisfy a biological need, such as food when hungry or water when thirsty.
primary reinforcers
Public recognition or the posting the names of participants or groups that have successfully performed the desired behavior.
public posting
Types of reinforcement that people have learned to like, such as shooting a basketball successfully, or receiving stickers or a trophy.
secondary reinforcers
Consumable or material objects a person wants, such as food, stickers, medals, or certificates used as consequences to increase the desired behavior.
tangible reinforcers
Feeling resulting from an inability to effectively respond to environmental demands.
anxiety