Freedoms & Information
Along with freedom of speech and expression, what other freedom can no law abridge?
Freedom of the press
SECTION 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the Government for redress of grievances.
Private property shall not be taken for public use without what?
Just compensation
SECTION 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.
Who must personally determine probable cause before a search warrant or warrant of arrest may issue?
The judge
SECTION 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.
In all criminal prosecutions, what is the accused presumed to be until the contrary is proved?
Innocent
SECTION 14. (2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of the accused provided that he has been duly notified and his failure to appear is unjustifiable.
The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus may be suspended only in cases of invasion or what else, when public safety requires it?
Rebellion
SECTION 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of invasion or rebellion when the public safety requires it.
What may people employed in the public and private sectors form for lawful purposes?
Unions, associations, or societies
SECTION 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged.
No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without what?
Due process of law
SECTION 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
Aside from a lawful court order, under what circumstances may the privacy of communications and correspondence be set aside as prescribed by law?
When public safety or order requires otherwise
SECTION 3. (1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed by law.
No person shall be compelled to be what against himself?
A witness
SECTION 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
What two kinds of laws shall never be enacted?
Ex post facto law and bill of attainder
SECTION 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.
What kind of test shall not be required for the exercise of civil or political rights?
A religious test
SECTION 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights.
No person shall be imprisoned for debt or for non-payment of what kind of tax?
A poll tax
SECTION 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.
What is the status of evidence obtained in violation of the privacy of communication or the protection against unreasonable searches?
Inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding
SECTION 3. (2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.
What right do all persons have regarding their cases before judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies?
The right to a speedy disposition of their cases
SECTION 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies.
No person shall be detained solely by reason of what?
Political beliefs and aspirations
SECTION 18. (1) No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations.
The right to travel may be impaired only in the interest of what three things?
National security, public safety, or public health
SECTION 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety, or public health, as may be provided by law.
What may no law impair?
The obligation of contracts
SECTION 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.
What two rights must a person under investigation for an offense be informed of?
The right to remain silent and the right to competent and independent counsel
SECTION 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel.
If an act is punished by both a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either bars what?
Another prosecution for the same act
SECTION 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. If an act is punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act.
What form of forced labor or compulsory service is prohibited under Article III, Section 18(2) of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party has been duly convicted?
Involuntary servitude
SECTION 18. (2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.
What kind of government data used as the basis for policy development must citizens be given access to, subject to limitations provided by law?
Government research data
SECTION 7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to documents, and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data used as basis for policy development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.
Free access to the courts and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of what?
Poverty
SECTION 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty.
Secret detention places, solitary detention, and what other form of detention are prohibited?
Incommunicado detention
SECTION 12. (2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are prohibited.
Persons charged with offenses punishable by what penalty may be denied bail when evidence of guilt is strong?
Reclusion perpetua
SECTION 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The right to bail shall not be impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not be required.
The death penalty may be imposed only if Congress provides for it, for compelling reasons involving what kind of crimes?
Heinous crimes
SECTION 19. (1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither shall the death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua.