electrolyte
what is the word for too much calcium and what is the range
hypercalcemia
greater than 10.5 mg/dl
what are some signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia
seizures, parasthesias, hand spasms, positive Chvostek sign, Positive trousseau sign, wheezing, cardiac arrhythmia, dyspnea, difficulty swallowing, cardiac failure
what are some causes/ risk factors of hypernatremia
high sodium diet, inadequate water intake, mentally confused or debilitated patient, excessive sweating, diarrhea, failure of kidneys to reabsorb water from urine
nursing intervention hypernatremia
increased fluid intake, measure input and output, give water between tube feedings, monitor temp. restrict sodium intake
nursing intervention hypokalemia
inform patients about food high in potassium and encourage them, look for digitalis toxicity, monitor input and output, monitor cardiac rhythm
what is the word for too little magnesium and what is the range
hypomagnesmia
less than 1.3 meq
what are the signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia
muscle weakness, hypotension, parasthesias, paralysis, cardiac arrhythmias, ecg changes
what are some causes/ risk factors of hyperphosphatemia
renal insufficiency
nursing intervention hypermagnesemia
avoid laxative/antacid abuse, avoid otc meds with magnesium, monitor input and output, administer diuretics as directed
nursing intervention hyponatremia
restrict water intake as ordered for patients with heart failure and inadequate antidiuretic hormone production, liberalize a low sodium diet, monitor patients receiving IV solutions to correct hyponatremia, replace water loss with fluids containing sodium
what is the word for too little potassium and what is the range
hypokalemia
less than 3.5meq/l
what are some signs and symptoms of hyponatremia
central nervous system and neuromuscular changes resulting from failure of swollen cells to transmit electrical impulses. mental confusion, headache, altered level of consciousness, anxiety, coma, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, seizures, decreased sensation
what are some causes/ risk factors of hypokalemia
inadequate intake of potassium rich foods, loss of potassium in urine from kidneys not reabsorbing minerals, diarrhea, vomiting, overuse of gastric suction
nursing intervention hypomagnesmia
diet counseling to help patients increase magnesium levels, monitor IV infusions, monitor input and output
nursing intervention hypokalemia
decreased intake of foods high in potassium, increase fluid intake to enhance urinary excretion of potassium, provide carbohydrate intake to prevent use of body's protein for energy, give right amount of insulin, proper use of salt
what is the word for too much phospate and what is the range
hyperphosphatemia
greater than 4.5 mg/dl
what are some signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia
hypotension, sweating, flushing, nausea, and vomiting, muscle weakness, paralysis, respiratory depression, cadiac dysrhythmias
what are some causes/ risk factors of hypomagnesmia
chronic malnutrition, chronic diarrhea, bowel resection with ileostomy or colostomy, chronic alcohol use, acute pancreatitis, diabetic ketoacidosis
nursing intervention hypercalcemia
give diuretics as prescribed to increase urine output and calcium excretion, monitor input and output, encourage high fluid intake
nursing intervention hypocalcemia
consume sufficient calcium, 10% calcium gluconate solution at bedside for patient having thyroidectomy, give all oral meds 30 mins before meals to increase absorption
what is the word for too much sodium and what is the range
hypernatremia
greater than 145 meq/l
what are some signs and symptoms of hypophosphatemia
confusion, seizures, numbness, weakness, possible coma. chronic state may cause rickets and osteomalacia
what are some causes/ risk factors of hypercalcemia
excess intake of calcium/vitamin d, conditions that cause movement of calcium out of bones and into extracellular fluid, tumors of the lung stomach and kidney, and multiple myeloma. immobility/osteoporosis
nursing intervention hypophosphatemia
assess for vitamin d deficiency, hyperparathyroidism, or overuse of aluminum containing antacids
nursing intervention hyperphosphatemia
restlessness, confusion, chest pain, cyanosis, monitor respirations, check all electrolyte levels