SQL Concepts
This standard clause is used to extract records from a table based on a specified condition.
What is WHERE?
In regression models, R2 (R-squared) measures this property of the model relative to the total variance in the dependent variable.
What is the proportion of variance explained by the model?
Boulder's iconic sandstone rock formations along the city's western backdrop are known by this architectural name.
What is the Flatirons?
Colorado is widely known as the "Mile High State" because its capital city sits at exactly 5,280 feet above sea level.
What is Denver?
This visual chart type uses horizontal or vertical bars to compare discrete categorical quantities.
What is a bar chart?
To remove duplicate values from your query result set, you add this keyword immediately after SELECT.
What is DISTINCT?
If a p-value is less than this standard threshold (alpha), researchers typically reject the null hypothesis.
What is 0.05?
Founded in 1876, CU Boulder was established in the same year Colorado earned this official state nickname.
What is the Centennial State?
Reaching 14,440 feet in elevation, this mountain peak in the Sawatch Range is the highest point in Colorado and the entire Rocky Mountain chain.
What is Mount Elbert?
Best suited for showing relationships between two continuous numeric variables, this visualization plots individual data points along x and y axes.
What is a scatter plot?
Unlike WHERE, which filters individual rows, this clause filters grouped records created by GROUP BY.
What is HAVING?
A model that learns the training data noise too well and performs poorly on unseen test data suffers from this common problem.
What is overfitting?
Designed in the 1970s, this famous pedestrian-only outdoor mall serves as Boulder's central hub for shopping, dining, and street performers.
What is Pearl Street Mall?
Colorado is the only U.S. state to have rejected hosting these major international games in 1972 after voters passed a referendum against public funding.
What are the Winter Olympics (or 1976 Winter Olympics)?
Data visualization expert Edward Tufte coined this term to describe decorative elements or visual clutter in a chart that do not convey data.
What is chartjunk?
This type of JOIN returns all rows from the left table and matched records from the right table, filling non-matching right rows with NULL.
What is a LEFT JOIN (or LEFT OUTER JOIN)?
Unlike linear regression which predicts continuous outcomes, this regression algorithm models binary outcome probabilities using a logit function.
What is logistic regression?
To preserve views of the Flatirons and surrounding mountains, Boulder voters passed a city charter amendment in 1971 capping the height of new buildings at this many feet.
What is 55 feet?
Located near Alamosa, this national park contains the tallest sand dunes in North America, rising over 700 feet.
What is Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve?
This distribution chart displays the five-number summary: minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum.
What is a box plot (or box-and-whisker plot)?
This SQL clause sorts the result set in ascending or descending order based on one or more columns.
What is ORDER BY?
This unsupervised clustering algorithm partitions data into k distinct groups by iteratively updating cluster centroids.
What is k-means clustering?
In 1967, Boulder became the first U.S. municipality to vote for a dedicated sales tax to acquire and preserve this type of land.
What is Open Space (or Open Space and Mountain Parks)?
Colorado is part of this unique geographical landmark, the only spot in the U.S. where four state borders meet at a single point.
What is the Four Corners?
A matrix layout that uses color gradients to display values across two dimensional variables, often used for correlation matrices or web click patterns.
What is a heatmap?