Definitions
Form
The form of a word or structure is the particular way in which it is represented in writing or speech.
..... describe or modify verbs, adjectives or adverbs.
Adverbs
Explain the form and function:
I wake up at 7 every day.
I've known her since 10 years.
since v for
I've known her for 10 years.
Function
The functions of a word or structure in an utterance are the roles it plays in the utterance, the purposes it is used to express.
A word that can substitute for a noun is a ...
Pronoun
Explain the form and function:
I'm studyin for an important test right now.
Present continuous - actions happening at the moment of speaking or around now.
I've studied a lot yesterday.
present perfect - indefinite past
past simple - definite past
yesterday = definite past ---> past simple
Time
TIME is an element of our experience of reality.
Time is a concept from the real world. It refers to how events, actions, and states are located in relation to the present moment.
We naturally perceive reality as involving:
Time exists independently of language. Even if humans had no language, events would still occur in the past, present, or future.
Can a word belong to more than one word class? Give examples.
:-)
Explain the form and function:
We've been friends for over 20 years.
Present perfect - actions / events that started in the past and are still true
My brother usually is working from home on Fridays.
My brother usually works from home on Fridays. -- routine --> present simple
Tense
Tense is a purely grammatical idea.
Tense is a grammatical system used by a language to express time relationships.
Unlike time, tense belongs to the structure of a language. It is a property of verbs (or verb phrases), not of reality itself.
In English, tense is mainly expressed through changes in verb form.
Words in a family share their………..but have different………….
root / affixes
What's the difference between for and since?
for - emphasises the duration of the actoin / event
since - focuses on the moment when the action started
We are living in Madrid since 2022.
We have been living in Madrid since 2022. --- present perfect --- > actions that started in the past and are still true
Aspect
If time answers when and tense is the grammatical marking of time, then aspect answers how the speaker views the internal structure of an event.
Aspect expresses how an event, action, or state is viewed in relation to its duration, completion, repetition, or development through time.
What's a phrasal verb? What types are there?
A combination of a verb and a particle (preposition or adverb).
Transitive - separable / inseparable
Intransitive
Three-part phrasal verbs
Explain the form and function:
I've been studying really hard all semester.
Present perfect continuous - action that started in the past and is still true - unfinished - empahsis on the duration of the action
I'm understanding what you mean now.
I understand what you mean now --- state verb -- simple form.