Studies and their Models
The Working Memory Model (WMM)
Baddeley & Hitch (1974)
If an exam prompt asks you to discuss Bandura, Ross & Ross (1961) and their famous Bobo Doll experiment, you must immediately link it to this behavior-imitation framework.
Social Learning Theory (or Social Cognitive Theory)?
This framework describes memory as three separate structural stores (Sensory, STM, LTM). To pick up points, you must name the two researchers who created this model in 1968.
Atkinson & Shiffrin
In Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning framework, learning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit this type of learned reaction.
conditioned response?
Because the experiments by Baddeley & Hitch, Tversky & Kahneman, and Bandura all took place in highly controlled, artificial settings using unrealistic tasks, they are frequently criticized for being low in this specific type of validity.
ecological validity?
Schema Theory / Reconstructive Memory
Bartlett (1932)
When evaluating Baddeley & Hitch (1974) and their dual-task reasoning experiment, you are providing empirical evidence for this active cognitive workbench model.
Working Memory Model (WMM)?
This theory states that learning occurs indirectly through observation and imitation within a social context. Name the primary researcher who proved this using a Bobo doll in 1961.
Bandura?
John Sweller's Cognitive Load Theory identifies three types of mental processing strains; this specific type refers to the mental work a learner puts into actively building schemas.
germane load?
This 1932 study on reconstructive memory lacked a standardized testing environment and had no strict control over the time intervals when participants were asked to reproduce the story.
Bartlett's "The War of the Ghosts" study?
Dual Process Theory (System 1 vs. System 2)
Tversky & Kahneman (1974)
Tversky & Kahneman (1974) used quick mathematical estimation tasks to prove that humans rely on heuristics via this two-system mode of cognitive processing.
Dual Process Theory?
This model redefines short-term memory as an active workbench consisting of a Central Executive, Phonological Loop, and Visuospatial Sketchpad. Name the two researchers who proposed it in 1974.
According to Schema Theory, when a person encounters new information that completely clashes with their pre-existing beliefs, they must perform this process of altering or creating entirely new mental structures.
accommodation?
In their 1974 experiment investigating dual-task performance, Baddeley & Hitch utilized this specific laboratory technique where participants complete a verbal reasoning task while simultaneously tracking numbers out loud.
dual-task technique?
Social Learning Theory (SLT) / Social Cognitive Theory
Bandura, Ross & Ross (1961)
If you are writing about Bartlett (1932) and the systematic distortion of "The War of the Ghosts" story, you are analyzing this theory of pre-stored mental frameworks.
Schema Theory?
This theory explains that human cognition is guided by two distinct modes of thinking: fast/intuitive System 1 and slow/rational System 2. Name the two researchers who isolated these cognitive biases in 1974.
Tversky & Kahneman?
B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning explains that behavior is shaped and maintained by punishments or these two types of consequences (positive and negative) that increase a behavior's frequency.
reinforcements?
Bandura, Ross, & Ross (1961) used this specific experimental participant design to ensure that children in the aggressive, non-aggressive, and control groups were evenly distributed based on their baseline aggression levels before the study began.
matched-pairs design
The Multi-Store Model of Memory (MSM) (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968)
Glanzer & Cunitz (1966) (The Primacy and Recency Effect Experiment)
To prove that short-term and long-term memory are entirely separate hardware structures, you would cite Glanzer & Cunitz (1966) to support this classic Atkinson & Shiffrin model.
Multi-Store Model of Memory (MSM)?
This theory states that pre-stored mental structures help us organize and interpret new experiences. Name the researcher who proved this using serial reproduction of a Native American folk tale in 1932.
Bartlett?
According to Albert Bandura, social learning cannot happen without these four internal cognitive factors that occur between observing a model and deciding to imitate them.
mediational processes?
To test the immediate impact of cognitive biases and heuristics on decision-making, Tversky & Kahneman isolated this specific mathematical phenomenon by forcing participants to estimate a factorial product within a strict 5-second window.
Anchoring Effect?