RNA Processing
This modification protects the 5′ end of mRNA and helps ribosome binding
What is the 5′ cap
Splicing connects these two sites
What are the 5′ splice site and 3′ splice site
This type of editing can cause a frameshift in the reading frame
What is insertion editing
These small RNAs suppress gene expression by blocking translation or degrading mRNA
What are miRNAs
This organism is used as a model for development in these lectures
What is Drosophila
This modification adds adenines to the 3′ end of mRNA
What is polyadenylation
The complex responsible for most eukaryotic mRNA splicing
What is the spliceosome
This type of RNA modification involves adding a methyl group to the ribose 2′ OH
What is 2′-O-methylation
This enzyme type is responsible for cutting RNA into smaller pieces
What are RNases
This transcription factor forms an anterior gradient in embryos
What is Bicoid
These regions are removed during RNA processing
What are introns
The structure formed when an intron loops during splicing
What is a lariat
This RNA type is cut into smaller pieces rather than spliced
What is rRNA
miRNAs regulate gene expression by binding to this type of molecule
What is mRNA
These genes divide the embryo into broad regions
What are gap genes
This protein binds the poly(A) tail to help stabilize mRNA
What is PABP
This type of splicing does NOT require any proteins
What is self-splicing
Deamination of adenosine produces this base
What is inosine
crRNA functions by guiding Cas proteins to this target
What is viral DNA or RNA
These genes determine the identity of body segments
What are Hox genes
This linkage connects the 5′ cap to mRNA
What is a 5′–5′ triphosphate linkage
In Group I introns, this molecule provides the attacking nucleophile
What is a free guanosine
RNA editing allows changes to protein sequence without changing this molecule
What is DNA
The mechanism by which miRNAs reduce protein production involves these two effects
What are mRNA degradation and translational repression
Cells that can form all tissues but not a whole organism
What are pluripotent cells