HS-LS1-1: Genes, Proteins, and Tissues
What is the function of a gene?
(Answer: Codes for a protein or functional RNA)
Which body system transports oxygen and nutrients to cells?
(Answer: Circulatory system)
What is negative feedback? Give a short example
(Answer: A response that reduces a change; e.g., temperature regulation)
What are the two main types of cell division and one purpose for each?
(Answer: Mitosis — growth/repair; Meiosis — gamete production)
What are the main reactants and products of photosynthesis?
(Answer: Reactants — CO2, H2O, light; Products — glucose, O2)
How does a mutation in DNA potentially alter the resulting protein?
(Answer: It can change the amino acid sequence and thus protein structure/function)
How do the respiratory and circulatory systems work together to supply oxygen to cells?
The respiratory system uses the lungs to get oxygen in to body (blood stream). The circulatory system uses the heart to pump the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
What role does insulin play in blood glucose homeostasis?
It lowers blood glucose levels when they are too high.
What is the result (chromosome number) of meiosis compared to the parent cell?
(Answer: Half the chromosome number)
Name the organelle where photosynthesis occurs.
Chloroplast
Give an example of a genetic engineering tool we can use to located and change segments of DNA
Describe a way the endocrine system affects growth and development.
It produces hormones.
Describe a hormonal positive feedback loop and why it is less common.
Positive feedback is less common than negative feedback because it drives the body away from homeostasis, which can be dangerous or even fatal if not tightly regulated.
Example: Blood clotting, childbirth, and lactation.
Describe the role of stem cells in differentiation.
Explain how light-dependent and light-independent reactions are linked.
Light Dependent reaction uses light and water to activate the ETC and produce ATP and NADPH (Needed for step 2).
The light ind. rxn uses fixes Carbon dioxide to produce glucose.
Explain how cells with the same DNA form different tissues.
Differentiation
Explain how the immune and lymphatic systems collaborate to defend against pathogens.
The lymphatic system is a checkpoint like TSA at the airport, and the immune system would be the response to a possible infection.
Explain how receptors, control centers, and effectors work together in a feedback mechanism.
Receptors, control centers, and effectors function as a coordinated, three-part system to maintain homeostasis (internal stability) through feedback loops. Receptors detect changes (stimuli), the control center analyzes input against a set point, and effectors execute responses to reverse or amplify the change
Explain how errors in mitosis can lead to cancer.
The cell's DNA starts to break down which disrupts homeostasis within that cell. This can result in uncontrolled cell division. A lot more cells that can't do their jobs.
Describe how limiting factors (light, CO2, temperature) affect photosynthesis rate.
It could increase or decrease the rate of photosynthesis which could alter glucose creation and plant growth.
Describe one lab technique used to identify which proteins are expressed in a tissue sample.
Gel Electrophoresis
Predict how failure of the kidneys would affect multiple body systems (name at least two effects).
The blood would be filled with waste and affect the function of the brain and heart. Heart failure and cognitive impair.
Analyze how disruption of a feedback loop could lead to disease; give a specific example.
Open to response of student
Compare and contrast crossing over and independent assortment and their roles in genetic variation.
How do plants cells regulate the amount of CO2, and water that is absorbed by the leaf?