Mental States & Contacts
A person is aware that their conduct is reasonably certain to cause a prohibited result. Which mental state is illustrated?
Knowing
A store employee identifies a person carrying a television and says they just watched that person steal it. The facts most directly support what?
Probable cause to believe the identified person committed theft
What must a search warrant particularly describe?
The place to search and the persons or things to seize
What is a possible effect of the exclusionary rule?
Evidence from an unconstitutional search may be barred from court.
Several officers give conflicting rapid commands to an overwhelmed person. Which change is most helpful when safe?
Use one primary communicator and clear, simple instructions.
A person recognizes a substantial, unjustifiable risk but consciously disregards it. Which mental state is illustrated?
Reckless
What is the primary purpose of a Terry frisk?
A limited pat-down for weapons to address safety concerns
A homeowner voluntarily allows an officer to search a garage only. What limits the search under that consent?
The officer must stay within the scope of the permission.
Which case established the objective-reasonableness framework taught for force during a seizure?
Graham v. Connor
What should an officer do when resistance stops and lawful control is achieved?
Reassess and reduce or stop force that is no longer necessary.
A person fails to perceive a substantial, unjustifiable risk they ought to perceive. Assuming the required gross deviation from ordinary care, which mental state applies?
Criminally negligent
During a lawful detention, what additional basis generally justifies a frisk?
Reasonable suspicion that the person is armed and dangerous
After a lawful custodial arrest, an officer searches the arrested person's clothing. Which doctrine most directly applies?
Search incident to lawful arrest
How is objective reasonableness assessed?
From a reasonable officer's perspective using the relevant circumstances
After using force and gaining control, which action is appropriate?
Assess injuries, arrange needed medical aid, and document the incident.
An officer asks a person to talk, and the person remains free to end the conversation. What type of contact is this?
Consensual encounter
Which statement correctly compares reasonable suspicion and probable cause?
Probable cause is the higher legal standard.
Which situation best meets the basic requirements of plain-view seizure?
An officer lawfully present has lawful access to an item whose criminal nature is immediately apparent.
Which group identifies the major Graham considerations taught in class?
Offense severity, immediate threat, active resistance or flight
Which statement correctly distinguishes cover from concealment?
Cover offers protection from gunfire; concealment primarily hides a person.
What generally justifies a temporary investigative detention?
Reasonable suspicion based on specific, articulable facts
What does the totality of the circumstances require an officer to consider?
All relevant facts together
Officers hear a person screaming for immediate help inside a home and sounds of an ongoing attack. What may justify prompt entry?
Emergency aid or exigent circumstances
When safe and feasible, what is the main purpose of de-escalation?
Reduce intensity and encourage voluntary compliance.
During supervised practice with an instructor-approved inert training firearm, which action reflects safe handling?
Keep the muzzle in a safe direction and the finger off the trigger until appropriate.