Physiological Gradients
a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, pressure, or temperature between two locations
physiological gradient
Sodium with an atomic number of 11 contains ____ and ______ in its neutral state.
11 protons and 11 electrons
brings substances into the cell
Endocytosis
synthesize proteins
Ribosomes
removal of electrons from an atom
Oxidation
Substances move down a concentration gradient from _____ to a ______.
higher concentration and lower concentration
form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another
ionic bonds
the engulfment of large particles
Phagocytosis
modifies, sorts, and packages proteins
The Golgi apparatus
Potential energy stored in chemical bonds can be released as ______.
kinetic energy
results from both charge and concentration differences.
ectrochemical gradient
form when atoms share electrons
Covalent bonds
the uptake of fluids
Pinocytosis
generate ATP through cellular respiration
Mitochondria
________ release energy, as opposed to ______, which require an input of energy
Exergonic reactions, Endergonic reactions
DAILY DOUBLE
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Water molecules are _____, having a partial positive and partial negative side
Polar
selectively transports specific molecules
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
organize microtubules
Centrosomes
increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
enzymes
DAILY DOUBLE
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refers to the tendency of water molecules to stick to each other
Cohesion
releases materials from the cell
Exocytosis
detoxify harmful substances and break down fatty acids
Peroxisomes
the gain of electrons by an atom
Reduction