Common problems
Most common cause of AUB in adolescents
Anovulation/ Immature hypothalamic-pituitary axis
Congenital or acquired coagulopathy associated with AUB
Von Willebrand Disease
Criteria used to make the diagnosis of PCOS
Rotterdam Criteria
Fetal heart rate deceleration due to cord compression
Variable deceleration
Definitive treatment of AUB
Hysterectomy
Type of loss where the cervix is closed, there is a embryonic heartbeat, and the patient has vaginal bleeding
Threatened abortion
Name the diagnostic tests for fetal aneuploidy
CVS (10-13 weeks) and Amniocentesis (> or = 15 weeks)
Common term for a woman who has not had a period in 1 year who is 40 years of age and older
Menopause
Frequency of pap smears between 21-29 years of age
Every 3 years
Most common cause of female virilization
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Greatest risk factor for gestational diabetes
Prior history of gestational diabetes and obesity
NSAIDs mechanism of action to improve AUB
Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase
Type of loss where the cervix is closed, there is no vaginal bleeding, and there is no embryonic heartbeat
Missed abortion
Group of individuals who should be offered fetal aneuploidy screening
All pregnant women
Most common cause of amenorrhea in a reproductive age female
Pregnancy
Most common causes of AUB in PALM and COEIN
Uterine leiomyoma and ovulatory dysfunction
Most common ovarian tumor associated with female virilization
Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor
Third trimester conditions which involve painless vaginal bleeding
Placenta previa and vaso previa
Preferred diagnostic test for women 45 years of age and older with AUB
Endometrial sampling with endometrial biopsy or D&C
Type of loss where the cervix is open, there is vaginal bleeding, and there are intrauterine products of conception
Incomplete abortion
An elevated AFP may be a sign of what problem
Fetal neural tube defects
Most common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease
Chlamydia and gonorrhea
Class of medications which bind to and block activity of endogenous GnRH in the pituitary gland
GnRH antagonists
Primary treatment for PMOS
Lifestyle changes
Cervical length measurement that is considered concerning in pregnancy
Less than 2.5 cm
Mechanism of action of hormonal contraceptive in treating AUB
Atrophy the endometrium and suppress ovulation
Type of loss where the cervix is closed, the patient has vaginal bleeding, and there are no products of conception present
Complete abortion
The most common autosomal recessive disorders which are present in carrier screening tests offered in pregnancy.
Cystic Fibrosis, Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Hemoglobinopathies, Sickle Cell Disease, and Tay-Sachs Disease
Greatest risk factors for ovarian cancer
Age and a strong family history of breast and ovarian cancer
Hormone produced by peripheral fat which increases the risk of endometrial cancer
Estrone
Anti-androgen medication which decreases the rate of testosterone production and increases its metabolic clearance
Spironolactone
Prophylactic antibiotic that should be started 12-18 hours after rupture of membranes.
Penicillin (alternatives are Cefazolin, Clindamycin, and Vancomycin)
First line management for treatment of AUB in adolescents
Oral contraceptive pills and NSAIDs
Most common cause of recurrent pregnancy loss
Aneuploidy
Cell-free fetal DNA in the maternal circulation used in non-invasive prenatal testing originates from the ______.
The placenta (cytotrophoblast)