Endocrine Anatomy
What is the pituitary gland
These hormones cannot easily cross the cell membrane and therefore act on receptors located on the plasma membrane
What are water soluble hormones
The thyroid hormone pathway begins when the hypothalamus releases this hormone.
TRH
This formed element is a biconcave disc containing hemoglobin and normally lacks a nucleus.
What is an erythrocyte (red blood cell)?
This process refers to the rapid series of reactions that stops bleeding.
What is hemostasis?
The anterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus through this specialized blood pathway
What is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
This type of hormone can enter the cell and bind to an intracellular receptor
What is a lipid-soluble/steroid hormone
TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release this hormone.
TSH
Which leukocyte is the most abundant and is known for phagocytizing bacteria?
What is a neutrophil?
Which coagulation pathway is generally faster: intrinsic or extrinsic?
What is the extrinsic pathway?
Which layer of the adrenal cortex is associated with glucocorticoids, commonly remembered as the "sugar" layer
What is the Zona Fasciculata
put these cAMP pathway events in the correct order
1. Adenylate cyclase
2. hormone binds receptor
3. protein kinases activated
4. G protein activated
5. ATP converted to cAMP
2,4,1,5,3
Complete the pathway:
Hypothalamus → TRH → ______ → TSH → ______ → thyroid hormone
Anterior pituitary → thyroid gland
This is the largest leukocyte and has a characteristic kidney-shaped nucleus. After entering tissues, it can become a macrophage.
What is a monocyte?
Both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge on this pathway.
What is the common pathway? (X)
A histology student sees cells surrounding circular follicles in the thyroid. Which cells produce thyroid hormone
What are follicular cells
A steroid hormone enters a target cell. Describe the major sequence of events that ultimately changes protein production
Hormone enters cell → binds intracellular receptor → hormone-receptor complex enters nucleus → binds DNA hormone-response element → mRNA transcription → protein production.
A person's thyroid hormone levels increase significantly. What happens to TRH and TSH secretion?
Both decrease.
A differential shows a leukocyte with a bilobed nucleus and prominent pink/red granules. Which leukocyte is this, and what type of threat does it commonly target?
What is an eosinophil, which targets parasites?-
Thrombin is produced from this precursor protein and then acts on fibrin-related clot formation.
What is prothrombin?
A student identifies an endocrine structure located on the posterior surface of the thyroid that releases a hormone responsible for increasing blood calcium. What structure and hormone are being described?
What are parathyroid glands and Parathyroid hormone
In this second-messenger pathway, phospholipase C splits PIP₂ into two products, one of which activates calcium channels.
What are DAG and IP₃, with IP₃ activating calcium channels?
A person becomes dehydrated and their blood has a high solute concentration. Predict the sequence of events involving ADH, the kidneys, and urine production.
High blood solute → hypothalamus detects it → more ADH released → kidneys reabsorb more water → less urine production.
A patient's blood smear shows a leukocyte with a round nucleus that occupies most of the cell. It is also one of the smallest leukocytes. Which cell is it, and what major immune cells are included in this category?
What is a lymphocyte, including B and T lymphocytes?
What are all the factors and their effects you guys need to know for the exam?
hemophilia A = factor VIII
hemophilia B = factor IX
hemophilia C = XI (less severe)
Vitamin K is necessary for synthesis of clotting factor IX (intrinsic pathway)
synthesis of tissue factor VII
thrombin activation (common pathway)